Annex 1: Bibliography

Public sources

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AA (Anadolu Agency), RSF commander orders tactics shift after Sudanese army advances in North Kordofan, 28 July 2026, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/rsf-commander-orders-tactics-shift-after-sudanese-army-advances-in-north-kordofan/4011057, accessed 10 September 2026

AA (Anadolu Agency), Sudan government returns to Khartoum after more than two years of war, 11 January 2026, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/sudan-government-returns-to-khartoum-after-more-than-two-years-of-war/3796351, accessed 10 September 2026

AA (Anadolu Agency), Sudanese group accuses RSF of killings, abuses after entering town in West Darfur, 10 July 2026, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/sudanese-group-accuses-rsf-of-killings-abuses-after-entering-town-in-west-darfur/3994673, accessed 10 September 2026

Abdelrahman, E. E. and STPT (Sudan Transparency and Policy Tracker), Regional and international dimensions of conflicts in eastern Sudan, 11 August 2025, https://sudantransparency.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/EasternSudan-Final-EN3.pdf, accessed 10 September 2026

ACAPS, SUDAN: Analysis of humanitarian access in the Darfur and Kordofan regions - Briefing note, 22 March 2026, https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20260322_ACAPS_Sudan_-_Analysis_of_humanitarian_access_in_the_Darfur_and_Kordofan_regions_.pdf, accessed 25 September 2026

ACAPS, HUMANITARIAN ACCESS OVERVIEW, JULY 2025, 20 August 2025, https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20250120_ACAPS_Humanitarian_Access_Overview_July_2025.pdf, accessed 25 September 2026

ACAPS, Sudan: Risk Analysis [2026], 13 May 2026, https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20260513_ACAPS_Sudan_-_Risk_analysis__2026_.pdf, accessed 10 September 2026

ACAPS, Sudan: Risk of continued drone strikes on Port Sudan, 23 May 2025, https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20250523_ACAPS_Sudan_-_Risk_of_continued_drone_strikes_on_Port_Sudan_.pdf, accessed 10 September 2026

ACJPS (African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies), ACJPS Quarterly Newsletter: April, May and June 2026, 21 July 2026, https://files.cdn-files-a.com/uploads/7315212/normal_6a5f6823e05a2.pdf, accessed 10 September 2026

ACJPS (African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies), Report on Human Rights Situation in Sudan – April to June 2025, 25 July 2025, https://files.cdn-files-a.com/uploads/7315212/normal_688344c990eae.pdf, accessed 10 September 2026

ACJPS (African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies), The Human Rights Situation in Sudan, Reporting period July 2026, 4 August 2026, https://files.cdn-files-a.com/uploads/7315212/normal_6a71a70be8bf7.pdf, accessed 10 September 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), Africa Overview: July 2026, 6 July 2026, https://acleddata.com/update/africa-overview-july-2026, accessed 10 September 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), Artillery shelling and airstrikes surge in Sudan - September 2024, 16 September 2024, https://acleddata.com/report/artillery-shelling-and-airstrikes-surge-sudan-september-2024, accessed 10 September 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), Blue Nile: From peripheral front to central battleground in the Sudan conflict, 26 January 2026, https://acleddata.com/report/blue-nile-peripheral-front-central-battleground-sudan-conflict, accessed 10 September 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), Codebook, 3 October 2024, https://acleddata.com/acleddatanew/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2024/10/ACLED-Codebook-2024-7-Oct.-2024.pdf, accessed 10 September 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), Data Export Tool, Sudan, data covering 1 March 2025 to 31 August 2026, as of 8 September 2026, https://acleddata.com/conflict-data/data-export-tool, accessed 10 September 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), Does the capture of Bara signal a turning point for the SAF?, 27 July 2026, https://acleddata.com/expert-comment/does-capture-bara-signal-turning-point-saf, accessed 10 September 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), Drone warfare reaches deeper into Sudan as peace talks stall - August 2024, 23 August 2024, https://acleddata.com/report/drone-warfare-reaches-deeper-sudan-peace-talks-stall-august-2024, accessed 25 September 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), El Fasher and Kordofan: the strategic fronts in Sudan’s shifting war — Expert comment, 29 October 2025, https://acleddata.com/expert-comment/el-fasher-and-kordofan-strategic-fronts-sudans-shifting-war-expert-comment, accessed 25 September 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), FAQs: ACLED Sourcing Methodology, March 2023, https://acleddata.com/acleddatanew/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2023/03/FAQs_ACLED-Sourcing-Methodology.pdf, accessed 10 September 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), February 2024 | Sudan: The SAF Breaks the Siege, 16 February 2024, https://acleddata.com/update/february-2024-sudan-saf-breaks-siege, accessed 10 September 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), Fighting moves to Kordofan as Sudan’s east–west divide solidifies, 11 December 2025, https://acleddata.com/report/fighting-moves-kordofan-sudans-east-west-divide-solidifies, accessed 10 September 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), How has Sudan’s drone war adapted to shifting supply lines?, 4 June 2026, https://acleddata.com/report/how-has-sudans-drone-war-adapted-shifting-supply-lines, accessed 10 September 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), How is RSF infighting reshaping the war in Sudan?, 18 May 2026, https://acleddata.com/report/how-rsf-infighting-reshaping-war-sudan

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), How to interpret ACLED’s fatality records in Sudan, 15 April 2026, https://acleddata.com/methodology/how-interpret-acleds-fatality-records-sudan, accessed 10 September 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), Methodology, April 2019, https://acleddata.com/acleddatanew/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2019/04/Methodology-Overview_FINAL.pdf, accessed 10 September 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), Sudan: Escalating Conflict in Khartoum and Attacks on Civilians in al-Jazirah and South Kordofan, 15 March 2024, https://acleddata.com/update/march-2024-sudan-escalating-conflict-khartoum-and-attacks-civilians-al-jazirah-and-south, accessed 10 September 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), Sudan: The RSF marches on Sennar and West Kordofan - July 2024, 12 July 2024, https://acleddata.com/update/sudan-rsf-marches-sennar-and-west-kordofan-july-2024, accessed 10 September 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), Turning the tide: The SAF’s strategic offensive in Khartoum and the RSF’s setbacks, 14 October 2024, https://acleddata.com/report/turning-tide-safs-strategic-offensive-khartoum-and-rsfs-setbacks-sudan-october-2024, accessed 10 September 2026

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ADF (Africa Defense Forum), Darfur’s Joint Force Helps Sudan’s Army Retake Key Areas, 22 October 2024, https://adf-magazine.com/2024/10/darfurs-joint-force-helps-sudans-army-retake-key-areas/, accessed 10 September 2026

ADF (Africa Defense Forum), Expanding Militias Threaten Security in Eastern Sudan, 7 January 2025, https://adf-magazine.com/2025/01/expanding-militias-threaten-security-in-eastern-sudan/, accessed 10 September 2026

ADF (Africa Defense Forum), Explosive Remnants of War Litter Sudan’s Capital, 26 May 2026, https://adf-magazine.com/2026/05/explosive-remnants-of-war-litter-sudans-capital/, accessed 10 September 2026

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AFP (Agence France-Presse), Surrounded by militias, Sudanese fear endless cycle of war, 23 July 2026, available by subscription at: https://www.dowjones.com/professional/factiva/, accessed 25 September 2026

Africa Center for Strategic Studies, Mapping the Armed Actors in the Sudan Conflict, 7 July 2026, https://africacenter.org/spotlight/sudan-conflict-armed-actors/, accessed 10 September 2026

Africa Intelligence, Cairo increasingly drawn into the Sudan conflict, 13 March 2026, https://www.africaintelligence.com/eastern-africa-and-the-horn/2026/03/13/cairo-increasingly-drawn-into-the-sudan-conflict,110679116-art, accessed 25 September 2026

Africa Report (The), Sudan: How Colombian mercenaries were duped into fighting in a brutal civil war, 8 April 2025, https://www.theafricareport.com/380870/desert-wolves-how-colombian-mercenaries-operate-in-sudan/, accessed 10 September 2026

Aikins, E. R., Beyond the Conflict: Charting a Path to Sustainable Growth and Development in Sudan, ISS (Institute for Security Studies), updated 13 April 2026, https://futures.issafrica.org/special-reports/guide.pdf?report=country/sudan, accessed 10 September 2026

Akua, N., Sudan’s Journalists Are Being Silenced: By Bullets, Exile, and Fear, Al Jazeera, 17 September 2025, https://institute.aljazeera.net/en/ajr/article/3364, accessed 10 September 2026

Akua, N., The Hidden Toll of Reporting on the Sudanese Civil War, CJR (Columbia Journalism Review), 27 May 2025, https://www.cjr.org/news/journalism-reporters-sudan-civil-war.php, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, ‘Spoiled insulin’: Sudan war disrupts drug supplies, fuelling smuggling, 1 June 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/6/1/spoiled-insulin-sudan-war-disrupts-drug-supplies-fuelling-smuggling, accessed 25 September 2026

Al Jazeera, After three years of war, Sudan army and RSF locked in military impasse, 16 April 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/16/after-three-years-of-war-sudan-army-and-rsf-locked-in-military-impasse, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, As Sudanese city returns to life after two-year siege, drone threat lingers, 15 February 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2026/2/15/as-sudanese-city-returns-to-life-after-two-year-siege-drone-threat-lingers, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Dozens killed by paramilitary RSF in Sudan’s Gezira, aid groups say, 26 October 2024, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/26/dozens-killed-by-paramilitary-rsf-in-sudans-gezira-aid-groups-say, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Dozens killed in RSF drone attack in war-torn Sudan’s South Kordofan, 29 January 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/29/dozens-killed-in-rsf-drone-attack-in-war-torn-sudans-south-kordofan, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Drone strike plunges Sudan major cities into darkness as civil war rages, 18 December 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/18/drone-strike-plunges-sudan-major-cities-into-darkness-as-civil-war-rages, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, In besieged Sudan city, civilians face death if they try to escape, 4 September 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/9/4/the-rsf-targets-young-men-civilians-speak-out-from-sudans-besieged-city, accessed 25 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Is Sudan’s battlefield shaping the terms of its next political phase?, 26 August 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/26/is-sudans-battlefield-shaping-the-terms-of-its-next-political-phase, accessed 25 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Khartoum drone strike kills five in Sudan, NGO reports, 2 May 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/5/2/khartoum-drone-strike-kills-five-sudan-ngo-reports, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Over 665,000 displaced people face shelter crisis in Sudan’s Tawila, 10 September 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2026/9/10/hundreds-of-thousands-lack-adequate-shelter-at-sudans-tawila-camp, accessed 25 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Saudi Arabia denounces ‘foreign interference’ in Sudan after RSF attacks, 8 February 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/8/saudi-arabia-slams-foreign-interference-in-sudan-after-deadly-rsf-attacks, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, South Sudan army to secure critical Heglig oilfield in Sudan war spillover, 11 December 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/11/south-sudan-army-to-secure-critical-heglig-oilfield-in-sudan-war-spillover, accessed 25 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Students among 17 dead in RSF drone attack in Sudan’s White Nile State, 12 March 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/12/students-among-17-dead-in-rsf-drone-attack-in-sudans-white-nile-state, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Sudan army says RSF advance on key town bordering Ethiopia, 13 August 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/13/sudan-army-says-rsf-advance-on-key-town-bordering-ethiopia, accessed 25 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Sudan army says RSF advance on key town bordering Ethiopia, 13 August 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/8/13/sudan-army-says-rsf-advance-on-key-town-bordering-ethiopia, accessed 25 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Sudan army says two-year RSF siege of key town broken, 27 January 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/27/sudan-army-says-nearly-two-year-rsf-siege-of-key-town-broken, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Sudan paramilitary declares rival government two years into civil war, 15 April 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/15/sudan-paramilitary-declares-rival-government-two-years-into-civil-war, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Sudan’s army captures two areas in North Kordofan as RSF burns more bodies, 15 November 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/15/sudans-army-captures-two-areas-in-north-kordofan-as-rsf-burns-more-bodies, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Sudan’s army declares Khartoum state ‘completely free’ of paramilitary RSF, 20 May 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/20/sudans-army-declares-khartoum-state-completely-free-of-paramilitary-rsf, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Sudan’s paramilitary RSF say they seized key zone bordering Egypt, Libya, 11 June 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/11/sudans-paramilitary-rsf-say-they-seized-key-zone-bordering-egypt-libya, accessed 25 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Sudan’s RSF, accused of genocide, signs charter to form rival government, 23 February 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/23/sudans-rsf-allies-sign-charter-for-rival-government-despite-criticisms, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Sudan’s RSF kills about 300 people in North Kordofan, rights group says, 15 July 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/15/sudans-rsf-kills-about-300-people-in-north-kordofan-rights-group-says, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Sudanese army captures key town near Ethiopian border from RSF, 16 May 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/5/16/sudanese-army-captures-key-town-near-ethiopian-border-from-rsf, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Sudanese army retakes Bara, secures el-Obeid in North Kordofan, 6 March 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/6/sudanese-army-retakes-bara-secures-el-obeid-in-north-kordofan, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Sudanese bloc declares Nairobi roadmap, but is it a civilian breakthrough?, 22 December 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/22/sudanese-bloc-declares-nairobi-roadmap-but-is-it-a-civilian-breakthrough, accessed 25 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Sudanese paramilitary RSF kills 19 after taking city of al-Nahud: Sources, 2 May 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/2/sudanese-paramilitaries-kill-19-after-taking-city-of-al-nahud-sources, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, The drones being used in Sudan: 1,000 attacks since April 2023, 3 February 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2026/2/3/drone-warfare-in-sudan-tracking-1000-aerial-attacks-since-april-2023, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, Turkiye’s Erdogan offers to mediate in Sudan-UAE disputes, 13 December 2024, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/13/turkiyes-erdogan-offers-to-mediate-in-sudan-uae-disputes, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Jazeera, الجيش السوداني: إسقاط 3 مسيرات للدعم السريع في ولايتي القضارف وكسلا [SAF: Three RSF drones shot down in Gedaref and Kassala states] [Online video], 15 September 2026, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d678GL8jFjI, accessed 25 September 2026

Al Jazeera, باستخدام سلاح المسيّرات.. مقتل وإصابة العشرات من النازحين بولاية نهر النيل شمالي السودان [Using drones as weapons – dozens of IDPs killed and wounded in River Nile state in northern Sudan] [Online video], 29 April 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-99TOQa15xY, accessed 25 September 2026

Al Jazeera, بعد أكثر من 3 أعوام.. البرهان يستأنف مهامه من القصر الجمهوري بالخرطوم [ After more than three years, Burhan resumes his duties from the Presidential Palace in Khartoum], 14 August 2026, https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2026/8/14/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%AB%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%86-3-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%81, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Taghyeer, الدعم السريع يستعيد السيطرة على مناطق بولاية النيل الأزرق [RSF regain control of areas in Blue Nile state], 22 November 2024, https://www.altaghyeer.info/ar/2024/11/22/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d8%b9%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b9-%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%82/, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Taghyeer, السودان: مقتل وإصابة 10 أشخاص في هجوم بمسيّرة استهدف مستشفى بولاية سنار [Sudan: 10 casualties in drone strike on hospital in Sennar state], 16 February 2026, https://www.altaghyeer.info/ar/2026/02/16/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%aa%d9%84-%d9%88%d8%a5%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a9-10-%d8%a3%d8%b4%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%b5-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%87%d8%ac%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%a8%d9%85%d8%b3/, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Taghyeer, أمر طوارئ بتمديد ساعات حظر التجوال بمحلية الدبة في الولاية الشمالية [Emergency order to extend curfew hours in Al Dabbah locality in Northern state], 6 July 2025, https://www.altaghyeer.info/ar/2025/07/06/%d8%a3%d9%85%d8%b1-%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a6-%d8%a8%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ad%d8%b8%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ac%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a8%d9%85%d8%ad/, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Taghyeer, تحذير من تمدد حركات مسلحة تنشط في تجنيد المعدنيين التقليديين بالولاية الشمالية [warning of expansion of armed movements active in recruiting artisanal miners in Northern state], 25 July 2025, https://www.altaghyeer.info/ar/2025/07/25/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%b0%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%af%d8%af-%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b4%d8%b7-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%ac%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%af/, accessed 10 September 2026

Al Taghyeer, تنامي انتهاكات المليشيات العسكرية بولاية الجزيرة وعودة ظاهرة حلاقة رؤوس الشباب بالقوة [Increase of violations of military militias in Al Jazirah and return of phenomenon of forcibly shaving young men’s heads], 28 November 2025, https://www.altaghyeer.info/ar/2025/11/28/%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%88/, accessed 10 September 2026

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Dabanga, Drone strikes hit West Darfur fuel market, shelling resumes in South Kordofan as Sudan fighting intensifies, 12 March 2026, https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/drone-strikes-hit-west-darfur-market-bombing-resumes-in-south-kordofan-as-sudan-fighting-intensifies, accessed 10 September 2026

Dabanga, El Faw standoff: Sudan army deploys reinforcements as RSF regroup, 14 January 2024, https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/el-faw-standoff-sudan-army-deploys-reinforcements-as-rsf-regroup, accessed 10 September 2026

Dabanga, Fierce clashes in South Kordofan as ‘RSF seizes key town’, 3 March 2026, https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/fierce-clashes-in-south-kordofan-as-rsf-seizes-key-town, accessed 10 September 2026

Dabanga, MSF ops scaled back in Central Darfur after fatal Zalingei hospital attack, 26 November 2025, https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/msf-ops-scaled-back-in-central-darfur-after-fatal-zalingei-hospital-attack, accessed 10 September 2026

Dabanga, Nine dead as drone strike targets hospital, school in Sudan’s White Nile state, 11 March 2026, https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/nine-dead-as-drone-strike-targets-hospital-school-in-sudans-white-nile-state, accessed 10 September 2026

Dabanga, Number of people dying from hunger rapidly growing in Sudan’s Nuba Mountains, 3 September 2024, https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/number-of-people-dying-from-hunger-rapidly-growing-in-sudans-nuba-mountains, accessed 10 September 2026

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Dabanga, Rising civilian toll in South Kordofan as fighting intensifies, drone strike kills three at West Darfur hospital, 20 April 2026, https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rising-civilian-toll-in-south-kordofan-as-fighting-intensifies-drone-strike-kills-three-at-west-darfur-hospital, accessed 10 September 2026

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Dabanga, RSF and SAF both claim control of key North Kordofan town amid widespread displacement, 31 July 2025, https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-and-saf-both-claim-control-of-key-north-kordofan-town-amid-widespread-displacement, accessed 10 September 2026

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Dabanga, SAF confirms loss of Bara as fighting escalates across Sudan, 17 March 2026, https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/saf-confirms-loss-of-bara-as-fighting-escalates-across-sudan, accessed 10 September 2026

Dabanga, SAF evacuates ‘strategic’ Sudan-Libya-Egypt border triangle following RSF takeover, 12 June 2025, https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/saf-evacuates-strategic-sudan-libya-egypt-border-triangle-following-rsf-takeover, accessed 10 September 2026

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Dabanga, Sudan army and allied forces claim gains in Blue Nile and Darfur, 30 June 2026, https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-army-and-allied-forces-claim-gains-in-blue-nile-and-darfur, accessed 10 September 2026

Dabanga, Sudan conflict: RSF clash with SLM-AW in western Jebel Marra, 26 December 2023, https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-conflict-rsf-clash-with-slm-aw-faction-in-western-jebel-marra, accessed 10 September 2026

Dabanga, Sudan war: 25 civilians die, aid convoy destroyed in renewed North Kordofan drone strikes, 8 February 2026, https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/25-civilians-die-aid-convoy-destroyed-in-renewed-north-kordofan-drone-strikes, accessed 10 September 2026

Dabanga, Sudan war: 52 killed in West Kordofan drone convoy carnage, 11 March 2026, https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-war-52-killed-in-west-kordofan-drone-convoy-carnage, accessed 10 September 2026

Dabanga, Sudan war: East Darfur SAF base ‘falls to RSF’, 22 November 2023, https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-war-east-darfur-saf-base-falls-to-rsf-control, accessed 10 September 2026

Dabanga, Sudanese army claim capture of strategic North Kordofan towns, 26 July 2026, https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudanese-army-claim-capture-of-strategic-north-kordofan-towns, accessed 10 September 2026

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Dabanga, عودة وشيكة لحركات شرق السودان من إرتريا وسط تنامي الاحتجاجات [Imminent return of Eastern Sudan movements from Eritrea amid growing protests], 16 March 2026, https://www.dabangasudan.org/ar/all-news/article/%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%b4%d9%8a%d9%83%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a5%d8%b1%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%8a, accessed 10 September 2026

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Dabanga, مقتل سبعة أشخاص في إطلاق نار من قبل جندي في شرق السودان [Seven people killed in gunfire from a soldier in eastern Sudan], 9 June 2025, https://www.dabangasudan.org/ar/all-news/article/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%aa%d9%84-%d8%b3%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a3%d8%b4%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%b5-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a5%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%82%d8%a8%d9%84-%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%af%d9%8a, accessed 10 September 2026

Dabanga, مقتل مواطن في سوق الماشية بالقلابات في توغّل جديد لميليشيات إثيوبية [Citizen killed at livestock market in Al-Qalabat caused by a new incursion of Ethiopian militia], 11 August 2025, https://www.dabangasudan.org/ar/all-news/article/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%aa%d9%84-%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%81%d9%8a, accessed 10 September 2026

Dabanga, ميليشيات إثيوبية مسلّحة تعود إلى الفشقة وأعمال نهب في القلابات بالقضارف [Ethiopian militia return to Al-Fashaqa – lootings in Al-Qabalat in Gedaref], 2 July 2025, https://www.dabangasudan.org/ar/all-news/article/%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a5%d8%ab%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%84%d9%91%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d8%b4, accessed 10 September 2026

Dabanga, هجوم بمسيرة يستهدف محطة كهرباء الدبة بشمال السودان [drone strike targets power station in Al Dabbah in northern Sudan], 16 July 2026, https://www.dabangasudan.org/ar/all-news/article/%d9%87%d8%ac%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%a8%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%af%d9%81-%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%b7%d8%a9-%d9%83%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%a8, accessed 10 September 2026

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Daily Sabah, Turkish defense industry reshapes Sudan’s battlefield, 23 July 2026, https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/turkish-defense-industry-reshapes-sudans-battlefield, accessed 10 September 2026

Darfur 24, 10 killed as RSF attacked Haraz village, west of Al-Obeid, 14 May 2024, https://darfur24.com/en/2024/05/14/10-killed-as-rsf-attacked-abu-haraz-village-west-of-al-obeid/, accessed 10 September 2026

Darfur 24, Army, RSF reinforce positions near Chad border, 22 July 2026, https://darfur24.com/en/2026/07/22/army-rsf-reinforce-positions-near-chad-border/, accessed 10 September 2026

Darfur 24, Deadly Drone Strike on Ghabish Market Sparks Condemnation in West Kordofan, 20 May 2026, https://darfur24.com/en/2026/05/20/deadly-drone-strike-on-ghabish-market-sparks-condemnation-in-west-kordofan/, accessed 10 September 2026

Darfur 24, Attack on Nyala, South Darfur, targets foreigners, 14 June 2025, https://darfur24.com/en/2025/06/14/attack-on-nyala-south-darfur-targets-foreigners/, accessed 10 September 2026

Darfur 24, Casualties Reported in Airstrike on Zalingei, Central Darfur, 6 November 2025, https://darfur24.com/en/2025/11/06/casualties-reported-in-airstrike-on-zalingei-central-darfur/, accessed 10 September 2026

Darfur 24, Civilians Hit by Drone Strike in Blue Nile, Casualties Reported, 12 January 2026, https://darfur24.com/en/2026/01/12/civilians-hit-by-drone-strike-in-blue-nile-casualties-reported/, accessed 10 September 2026

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Sudan Tribune, Rapid Support Forces seize Sudanese army base in Central Darfur, 31 October 2023, https://sudantribune.com/article/278858, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Rival faction seizes control of SPLM-N stronghold Kauda in Sudan’s Nuba Mountains, 22 June 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/315355, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, RSF attacks on Darfur villages kill civilians, spark mass flight to Chad, 5 July 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/315896, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, RSF Darfur security advisor killed in drone strike near Zalingei, 1 January 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/308882, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, RSF detains local officials in East Darfur, citing government ties – sources, 11 June 2025, https://sudantribune.com/article/301823, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, RSF detains tribal leader, 16 others in Sudan’s East Darfur, 22 January 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/309732, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, RSF drone attacks cause blackout in north Sudan’s Atbara, 15 April 2025, https://sudantribune.com/article/299725, accessed 25 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, RSF drone attacks kill two in Rabak, army downs drone over El Obeid, 25 June 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/315489, accessed 10 September 2026

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Sudan Tribune, RSF expands drone attacks in Sudan, hits power station in Sinnar, 24 October 2025, https://sudantribune.com/article/306362, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, RSF launches recruitment drive in East Darfur, 4 August 2026, https://darfur24.com/en/2026/08/04/rsf-launches-recruitment-drive-in-east-darfur/, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, RSF regains control of strategic West Darfur town after army pullback, 10 July 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/316076, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, RSF retakes control of key town near Chad border in Sudan’s West Darfur, 21 October 2024, https://sudantribune.com/article/292349, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, RSF says it took control of Sudan’s strategic border town Kurmuk, 13 August 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/317352, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, RSF seizes El Fula, capital of West Kordofan, amidst reports of looting and displacement, 20 June 2025, https://sudantribune.com/article/287246, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, RSF seizes strategic Heglig oilfield, local administration deploys protection force, 8 December 2025, https://sudantribune.com/article/307913, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, RSF take control of South Darfur’s Nyala, vow to protect civilians, 27 October 2023, https://sudantribune.com/article/278724, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, RSF’s administration says Sudanese army drone destroyed key Darfur bridge, 9 June 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/314903, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, RSF-led administration accuses Sudanese army of drone strike in Central Darfur, 28 March 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/312186, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Senior RSF commander killed in North Kordofan clashes, 8 September 2025, https://sudantribune.com/article/304749, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Senior RSF officer and tribal leader killed in East Darfur internal clashes, 2 February 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/310168, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Seven killed in RSF drone strike on South Kordofan shelter, doctors say, 1 November 2025, https://sudantribune.com/article/306700, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Six killed in army drone strike on East Darfur fuel market, 8 March 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/311501, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, SLM’s Minawi says not notified of Sudanese army plan to clear Khartoum, 20 July 2025, https://sudantribune.com/article/303074, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, SLM-AW adopts own flag and anthem in controlled areas, 4 January 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/308994, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, SLM-TC leader announces plan to evacuate over 100,000 families from El Fasher, 19 April 2025, https://sudantribune.com/article/299930, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, SPLM-N rebels, RSF extend operations after seizing Sudan’s Kurmuk, 26 March 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/312109, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, SPLM-N says Sudan army drone strike kills 45 civilians in South Kordofan, 29 November 2025, https://sudantribune.com/article/307621, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, SPLM-N, RSF pound South Kordofan cities with artillery, drones, 14 December 2025, https://sudantribune.com/article/308157, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan army accused of drone strike on Zalingei displaced camp, 27 April 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/313209, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan army airstrike hits RSF-held building in Darfur, dozens injured, officials say, 13 August 2025, https://sudantribune.com/article/303925, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan army breaks Dilling siege for third time, enabling aid delivery, 19 May 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/314123, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan army deploys allied reinforcements to Blue Nile after rebel gains, 1 September 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/318160, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan army drone strike kills three at Chad border crossing, 16 April 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/312837, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan army drone strikes kill 20 in Darfur, officials say, 13 April 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/312756, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan army gains ground in Sennar, Blue Nile, White Nile states, 5 March 2025, https://sudantribune.com/article/298155, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan army recaptures key Omdurman market from RSF, 30 March 2025, https://sudantribune.com/article/299196, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan army receives Pakistani armoured vehicles and drones, military sources say, 6 August 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/317072, accessed 25 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan army resumes heavy air strikes in South Kordofan, 22 April 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/313063?utm, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan army says repels RSF attack in South Kordofan, 14 January 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/309385, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan army will push for Burhan to stay in power, senior general says, 13 September 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/318718, accessed 25 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan deploys troops to Red Sea state mining hub to defuse tribal tensions, 17 June 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/315192, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan drone strikes kill hundreds as warring parties target civilian sites, 8 April 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/312546, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan government returns to Khartoum after nearly three-year absence, 11 January 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/309246, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan joint force says it retook West Kordofan town from RSF after fierce battle, 14 May 2025, https://sudantribune.com/article/300836, accessed 25 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan reinforces Ethiopian border as tensions rise over drone strikes, 7 May 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/313640, accessed 25 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan restores two Khartoum power substations in post-war grid recovery effort, 5 June 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/314728, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan’s army, RSF escalate conflict with advanced drone warfare, 15 September 2025, https://sudantribune.com/article/305013, accessed 25 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan’s Democratic Bloc split over unauthorized talks in Ethiopia, 16 February 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/310749, accessed 25 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan’s displaced return to a ‘capital of ruins’ as savings dry up, 12 March 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/311679, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan’s Islamists tactical retreat creates dilemma for army generals, 11 August 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/317285, accessed 25 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan’s JEM accuses former official of buying looted vehicles from RSF, 3 January 2026, https://sudantribune.com/article/308951, accessed 10 September 2026

Sudan Tribune, Sudan’s JEM defends appointments to Al Jazirah project committee, 9 March 2025, https://sudantribune.com/article/298314, accessed 10 September 2026

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