Between January and June 2025, OHCHR documented 1 380 civilian deaths in the context of the conflict in North Darfur, accounting for almost 90 % of the 1 535 deaths documented across the whole Darfur region.585 Between 16 November 2024 and 15 November 2025, the organisation documented 2 208 civilian casualties in North Darfur.586 Between March 2025 and March 2026, AOAV recorded the highest civilian casualty figures of all states regarding casualties caused by explosive weapons in North Darfur. The organisation recorded 2 705 casualties for North Darfur during this period,587 with peaks in April (676 deaths and injuries),588 September (459),589 and October 2025 (359).590
According to OHCHR, RSF attacks in April 2025 killed hundreds of civilians, including at least nine humanitarian workers, in the Zamzam and Abu Shouk displacement camps, El Fasher, and Um Kadada.591 According to an Amnesty International report on the RSF attack on Zamzam IDP camp in April 2025, RSF fighters deliberately killed 47 civilians in homes, a clinic, a mosque and a school, or while they were fleeing. Regarding possible indiscriminate attacks, no verified death toll was available according to Amnesty International, although estimates indicated that between 210 and 1 500 civilians were killed in the Zamzam IDP camp.592
SAF air strikes caused civilian deaths in markets across North Darfur.593 On 24 March 2025, the SAF bombed Tora market, north of El Fasher, reportedly killing or injuring hundreds of civilians, mainly women and children.594 On 1 June 2025, Koma market was struck, reportedly killing dozens of civilians.595 Before capturing El Fasher, RSF assaulted or killed people attempting to flee the city, and shelling and drone attacks caused civilian casualties.596 During the reference period drone strikes reportedly resulting in civilian casualties were recorded in El Fasher,597 Al-Tina,598 Karnoi,599 Kutum,600 Al-Kuma,601 and Al-Zawiya602 areas.
According to a March 2026 UN Human Rights Council report, survivors reported that, from 26 October 2025, RSF troops carried out widespread killings in El Fasher through indiscriminate shootings and executions in residential areas, streets and open areas, particularly in neighbourhoods such as Daraja Oula, Abu Shouk, the Grand Market area and around the airport.603 Men attempting to flee were reportedly separated from women and children at exit points, beaten, detained and executed in groups on suspicion of supporting the SAF or Joint Forces. Men were disproportionately targeted for execution, although women and children were also among those killed. Most bodies were reportedly left unburied along exit routes.604 Witnesses described wounded civilians being executed at close range and bodies left unburied along escape routes, including around defensive berms where civilians were detained and killed.605 Civilians were also attacked at sites of refuge, including El Fasher University and hospitals.606 The RSF also reportedly pursued people fleeing towards Tawila, Garni and surrounding rural areas, among others firing on them with automatic weapons and causing hundreds of deaths.607 Rape and sexual violence were also reported by the UN Human Rights Council following the takeover of El Fasher.608 ACLED observed that the security incidents it recorded in North Darfur between 1 March 2025 and 31 August 2026 caused an estimated 7 623 fatalities.609
Figure 9: Fatalities as a result of armed conflict in North Darfur, 1 March 2025 – 31 August 2026, based on ACLED data610
- 585
OHCHR, Human Rights Situation in the Sudan (1 January to 30 June 2025), 19 September 2025, url, p. 3
- 586
UN Human Rights Council, Situation of human rights in the Sudan – Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, A/HRC/61/24, 13 January 2026, url, paras. 1, 9
- 587
EUAA analysis based on AOAV data. AOAV, Explosive Violence Monthly Reports, as of 31 August 2026, url
- 588
AOAV, Explosive Violence in April 2025, 10 May 2025, url
- 589
AOAV, Explosive Violence in September 2025, 10 October 2025, url
- 590
AOAV, Explosive Violence in October 2025, 10 November 2025, url
- 591
OHCHR, Hundreds killed in RSF attacks in Sudan’s North Darfur, 14 April 2025, url
- 592
AI, “A Refuge Destroyed”: RSF Violations in Darfur’s Zamzam Camp for Internally Displaced Persons, December 2025, url, p. 22
- 593
UN Human Rights Council, Sudan: a war of atrocities – Report of the independent international fact-finding mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/60/22, 22 September 2025, url, para. 81
- 594
UN Human Rights Council, Sudan: a war of atrocities – Report of the independent international fact-finding mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/60/22, 22 September 2025, url, para. 83
- 595
UN Human Rights Council, Sudan: a war of atrocities – Report of the independent international fact-finding mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/60/22, 22 September 2025, url, para. 81; Sudan Tribune, Air strike on North Darfur market kills dozens, 1 June 2025, url
- 596
CFR, Shelling, Drones, and Hunger in El Fasher, 24 October 2025, url
- 597
ACJPS, ACJPS Quarterly Newsletter: April, May and June 2026, 21 July 2026, url, p. 9
- 598
ACJPS, The Human Rights Situation in Sudan, Reporting period July 2026, 4 August 2026, url, p. 9
- 599
ACJPS, ACJPS Quarterly Newsletter: April, May and June 2026, 21 July 2026, url, p. 31
- 600
Asharq Al Awsat, Drone Strike Kills 12, Including Children, in Sudan's Darfur, 9 April 2026, url; Sudan Tribune, Drone strike kills over 40 at wedding in North Darfur’s Kutum, 9 April 2026, url; AP, Drone strike hits wedding in Darfur town, killing at least 30 people, 9 April 2026, url
- 601
ACJPS, The Human Rights Situation in Sudan, Reporting period July 2026, 4 August 2026, url, p. 8
- 602
RFI, Sudan army's drone attack on court building kills 35 in Darfur, NGO says, 3 August 2026, url
- 603
UN Human Rights Council, Sudan: hallmarks of genocide in El Fasher – Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/61/77, 10 March 2026, url, para. 44
- 604
UN Human Rights Council, Sudan: hallmarks of genocide in El Fasher – Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/61/77, 10 March 2026, url, paras. 48-50
- 605
UN Human Rights Council, Sudan: hallmarks of genocide in El Fasher – Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/61/77, 10 March 2026, url, paras. 50-51
- 606
UN Human Rights Council, Sudan: hallmarks of genocide in El Fasher – Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/61/77, 10 March 2026, url, paras. 55-56, 63-66
- 607
UN Human Rights Council, Sudan: hallmarks of genocide in El Fasher – Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/61/77, 10 March 2026, url, paras. 70-71
- 608
UN Human Rights Council, Sudan: hallmarks of genocide in El Fasher – Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission for the Sudan, A/HRC/61/77, 10 March 2026, url, paras. 74-89
- 609
EUAA analysis based on ACLED data. ACLED, Curated Data Files, Africa, data covering 1 March 2025 to 31 August 2026, as of 8 September 2026, url
- 610
EUAA analysis based on ACLED data. ACLED, Curated Data Files, Africa, data covering 1 March 2025 to 31 August 2026, as of 8 September 2026, url