Annex 1: Bibliography

Public sources

AA (Anadolu Agency), Death toll from attacks by ousted Assad loyalists in Latakia rises to 4, 108 wounded, 29 December 2025, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/death-toll-from-attacks-by-ousted-assad-loyalists-in-latakia-rises-to-4-108-wounded/3783901, accessed 28 May 2026

AA (Anadolu Agency), Landmine blast kills 2 children in Damascus countryside, 18 April 2026, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/landmine-blast-kills-2-children-in-damascus-countryside/3910234, accessed 28 May 2026

AA (Anadolu Agency), Syria arrests 'ISIS terrorist cell' in Damascus countryside, 13 January 2026, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/syria-arrests-isis-terrorist-cell-in-damascus-countryside/3798227, accessed 28 May 2026

AA (Anadolu Agency), Syrian tribes largely liberate part of Deir ez-Zor occupied by YPG/SDF terrorists, 18 January 2026, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/syrian-tribes-largely-liberate-part-of-deir-ez-zor-occupied-by-ypg-sdf-terrorists/3802964, accessed 28 May 2026

Aaron Y. Zelin, [X], posted on: 27 August 2025, https://x.com/azelin/status/1960684540495630525, accessed 28 May 2026

Abdulghany, F., Israel’s Gradual Annexation of Southern Syria under the Pretext of Mine Removal [Blog], SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), 17 May 2026, https://snhr.org/blog/2026/05/17/israels-gradual-annexation-of-southern-syria-under-the-pretext-of-mine-removal/, accessed 28 May 2026

ACAPS, Humanitarian Access Overview - Spotlight on fragmented contexts: Lebanon, Palestine, Syria and Yemen, December 2025, https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20260210_ACAPS_Humanitarian_Access_Overview_December_2025.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), Codebook, 3 October 2024, https://acleddata.com/acleddatanew/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2024/10/ACLED-Codebook-2024-7-Oct.-2024.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), Data Export Tool, Syria, data covering 9 December 2024 to 31 May 2026, as of 9 June 2026, https://acleddata.com/conflict-data/data-export-tool, accessed 28 May 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), FAQs: ACLED Sourcing Methodology, March 2023, https://acleddata.com/acleddatanew/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2023/03/FAQs_ACLED-Sourcing-Methodology.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), Methodology, April 2019, https://acleddata.com/acleddatanew/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2019/04/Methodology-Overview_FINAL.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), Middle East Overview: September 2025, 5 September 2025, https://acleddata.com/update/middle-east-overview-september-2025, accessed 28 May 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data), Syria: Israeli airstrikes reach an all-time high after Assad regime falls, 19 December 2024, https://acleddata.com/brief/syria-israeli-airstrikes-reach-all-time-high-after-assad-regime-falls, accessed 28 May 2026

Aftandilian, G., The Shrinking Space for Kurdish Autonomy in Syria, Arab Center Washington DC, 26 February 2026, https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/the-shrinking-space-for-kurdish-autonomy-in-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

Akil, S., Fallout Risks: What the Regional War Means for Syria, TIMEP (Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy), 20 March 2026, https://timep.org/2026/03/20/fallout-risks-what-the-regional-war-means-for-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Arabiya English, US withdraws hundreds of troops from Syria after Pentagon directive, 3 June 2025, https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2025/06/02/us-withdraws-hundreds-of-troops-from-syria-after-pentagon-directive, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Aftermath of deadly Israeli air attacks in Damascus, 17 July 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2025/7/17/aftermath-of-deadly-israeli-air-attacks-in-damascus, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Aftermath of Homs killings may mark turning point for Syria’s government, 26 November 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/26/aftermath-of-homs-killings-may-mark-turning-point-for-syrias-government, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Al-Sharaa meets Putin as Russia seeks to secure military bases in Syria, 28 January 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/28/syrias-al-sharaa-discusses-fate-of-russian-military-bases-with-putin, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Analysis: ISIL attacks could undermine US-Syria security collaboration, 27 December 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/12/27/analysis-isil-attacks-could-undermine-us-syria-security-collaboration, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, As Syria marks 15 years since anti-Assad uprising, security issues remain, 15 March 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2026/3/15/as-syria-marks-15-years-since-anti-assad-uprising-security-issues-remain, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, At least one killed, 21 wounded in car bomb explosion in Syria’s Damascus, 19 May 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/5/19/at-least-one-killed-21-wounded-in-car-bomb-explosion-in-syrias-damascus, accessed 17 June 2026

Al Jazeera, Deadly protests and clashes in Syria – what happened and what’s next?, 29 December 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/29/deadly-protests-and-clashes-in-syria-what-happened-and-whats-next, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Exodus of ISIL-linked detainees from Syria camp sparks security concerns, 17 February 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/17/exodus-of-isil-linked-detainees-from-syria-camp-sparks-security-concerns, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, ISIL group kills five Kurdish fighters in attack in eastern Syria, 28 April 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/28/isil-group-kills-five-kurdish-fighters-in-attack-in-eastern-syria, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Israel attacked Syria more than 600 times over the past year, 9 December 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/9/israel-attacked-syria-more-than-600-times-over-the-past-year, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Israel launches new raids in Syria’s Quneitra, establishes checkpoints, 20 December 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/20/israel-launches-fresh-raids-in-syrias-quneitra-establishes-checkpoints, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Israel says it hit Syrian army camps in the south after Druze ‘attacked’, 20 March 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/20/israel-says-it-hit-syrian-army-camps-in-the-south-after-druze-attacked, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Israel-Gaza war spillover risk: Mapping recent strikes in Middle East, 25 January 2024, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/25/israel-gaza-war-spillover-risk-mapping-recent-strikes-in-middle-east, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Jordan strikes drug, arms smugglers in Syria border region: Reports, 25 December 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/25/jordan-strikes-drug-arms-smugglers-in-syria-border-region-reports, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Mapping Israel’s expanding air attacks across Syria, 4 June 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/4/mapping-israels-expanding-air-attacks-across-syria, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Photos: Syrian army enters Deir Hafer after SDF withdrawal, 17 January 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2026/1/17/photos-syrian-army-enters-deir-hafer-after-sdf-withdrawal, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Satellite images show Israel building military bases in Syria buffer zone, 3 February 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/3/satellite-images-show-israel-building-military-bases-in-syria-buffer-zone, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Syria calls Israeli incursion, strikes that killed 13 a ‘war crime’, 28 November 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/28/israeli-forces-syrians-clash-in-damascus-countryside-casualties-reported, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Syria confirms ‘mass escape’ from camp housing relatives of ISIL fighters, 26 February 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/26/syria-confirms-mass-escape-from-camp-housing-relatives-of-isil-fighters, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Syria faces twin battles as Assad loyalists and ISIL attack in west, east, 25 February 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/25/syria-faces-twin-battles-as-assad-loyalists-and-isil-attack-in-west-east, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Syria signs up to US-led coalition against ISIL, 11 November 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/11/syria-signs-up-to-us-led-coalition-against-isil, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Syria takes control of all bases where US forces were deployed, 16 April 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/16/syria-takes-control-of-all-bases-where-us-forces-were-deployed, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Syria’s Ahmed al-Sharaa named president for transitional period, 29 January 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/29/syrias-ahmed-al-sharaa-named-president-for-transitional-period, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Syrian army takes control of east Aleppo towns as Kurdish fighters withdraw, 17 January 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/17/syrian-army-takes-control-of-east-aleppo-towns-as-kurdish-fighters-withdraw, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Syrian army tells civilians to evacuate new front with SDF east of Aleppo, 15 January 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/15/syrian-army-tells-civilians-to-evacuate-new-front-with-sdf-east-of-aleppo/, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Syrian forces deploy in Hasakah under ceasefire agreement with SDF, 2 February 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/2/syrian-forces-deploy-in-hasakah-under-ceasefire-agreement-with-sdf, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, Syrian forces make gains against SDF: What it means for country’s Kurds, 21 January 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2026/1/21/syrian-forces-makes-gains-against-sdf-what-it-means-for-countrys-kurds, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, US revokes ‘terrorist’ designation for Syrian president’s former group HTS, 7 July 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/7/us-revokes-terrorist-designation-for-syrian-presidents-former-group-hts, accessed 17 June 2026

Al Jazeera, التشكيلات المسلحة المناوئة للحكومة في الساحل السوري [Anti-government armed groups in the Syrian coastal region], 3 January 2026, https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2026/1/2/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Jazeera, كيف تحول توغل إسرائيلي في بيت جن السورية إلى مواجهة مباشرة؟ [How did an Israeli incursion into Beit Jinn, Syria, turn into a direct confrontation?], 28 November 2025, https://www.aljazeera.net/news/2025/11/28/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%84-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D9%86, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Majalla, Iran steps up Syria destabilisation efforts, 7 May 2026, https://en.majalla.com/node/330951/politics/iran-steps-syria-destabilisation-efforts, accessed 28 May 2026

Al Monitor, Curfew extended in Syria’s Homs following Bedouin-Alawite clashes: What to know, 24 November 2025, https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2025/11/curfew-extended-syrias-homs-following-bedouin-alawite-clashes-what-know, accessed 17 June 2026

Al-Abdeh, M., Damascus re-born: The Syrian capital is embracing its newfound identity, in: Syria in Transition, Issue 23, April 2025, https://www.syriaintransition.com/media/pages/home/archive/issue-23/a5fbe47db0-1770035064/cms_sit-issue23_250413_5.pdf, pp. 7-8, accessed 28 May 2026

Al-Ahmad, S. and Franjieh, S., Will Syria join the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS?, MEI (Middle East Institute) 27 October 2025, https://mei.edu/publication/will-syria-join-global-coalition-defeat-isis/, accessed 28 May 2026

Al-Ahmed, S., The Damascus-SDF agreement two months on: Fragile progress or delayed collapse?, MEI (Middle East Institute), 9 May 2025, https://mei.edu/publication/damascus-sdf-agreement-two-months-fragile-progress-or-delayed-collapse/, accessed 28 May 2026

Al-Hal, Iman Jarrous: Third Targeted Killing in Homs Within a Week, The Syrian Observer, 26 February 2026, https://syrianobserver.com/syrian-actors/iman-jarrous-third-targeted-killing-in-homs-within-a-week.html, accessed 28 May 2026

Al-Jabassini, A., Security Transformations in Southern Syria: Authority, armed networks, and foreign intervention, Arab Reform Initiative, 4 December 2025, https://www.arab-reform.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Security-Transformations-in-Southern-Syria-Authority-Armed-Networks-and-Foreign-Intervention-EN.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

Al-Jumhuriya, Home Seizures in Homs, 12 March 2026, https://aljumhuriya.net/en/2026/03/12/home-seizures-in-homs/, accessed 28 May 2026

Al-Tamimi, A. J., Druze Factions in al-Suwayda' after the National Guard Merger: Interview with a Constituent Group, 4 October 2025, https://www.aymennaltamimi.com/p/druze-factions-in-al-suwayda-after?hide_intro_popup=true, accessed 28 May 2026

Al-Tamimi, A.J., Hurras al-Din: The Rise, Fall, and Dissolution of al-Qa`ida’s Loyalist Group in Syria, in: CTC Sentinel, May 2025, https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/CTC-SENTINEL-052025_article-3.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

Amnesty International, Syria: Authorities must investigate abductions of Alawite women and girls, 28 July 2025, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/07/syria-authorities-must-investigate-abductions-of-alawite-women-and-girls/, accessed 28 May 2026

Amnesty International, Syria: Israel’s deliberate destruction of civilian homes in Quneitra must be investigated as war crimes, 14 May 2026, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2026/05/syria-israels-deliberate-destruction-of-civilian-homes-in-quneitra-war-crime/, accessed 28 May 2026

Amnesty International, The State of the World's Human Rights, 21 April 2026, https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/WEBPOL1003202026ENGLISH.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

ANHA (Hawar News Agency), Documentation massive destruction in Tel Tamr, Zerghan villages, 23 April 2026, https://hawarnews.com/en/documentation-massive-destruction-in-tel-tamr-zerghan-villages, accessed 28 May 2026

ANHA (Hawar News Agency), Health situation deteriorated in Kobani due to siege, 11 March 2026, https://hawarnews.com/en/health-situation-deteriorated-in-kobani-due-to-siege, accessed 28 May 2026

ANHA (Hawar News Agency), Interim Govt factions loot, destroy civilian property in Kobani countryside, 11 March 2026, https://hawarnews.com/en/interim-govt-factions-loot-destroy-civilian-property-in-kobani-countryside, accessed 28 May 2026

ANHA (Hawar News Agency), Kurdish citizen killed under torture in Raqqa, 2 May 2026, https://hawarnews.com/en/kurdish-citizen-killed-under-torture-in-raqqa, accessed 28 May 2026

ANHA (Hawar News Agency), Ten civilians from Sheikhan tribe kidnapped in Raqqa countryside, 7 May 2026, https://hawarnews.com/en/ten-civilians-from-sheikhan-tribe-kidnapped-in-raqqa-countryside, accessed 28 May 2026

AP (Associated Press), A US shift marked Kurdish-led forces’ fall from power in Syria, 21 January 2026, https://apnews.com/article/syria-sdf-kurdish-washington-military-islamic-state-dcf6869b06e95931a7a40fa4494006c2, accessed 28 May 2026

AP (Associated Press), A year after Assad’s fall in Syria, Alawite women face kidnappings and rape, 10 December 2025, https://apnews.com/article/syria-alawite-women-kidnapped-militants-extremists-rape-a469660022301de378d1fa130467bec0, accessed 28 May 2026

AP (Associated Press), Shiite cleric killed in grenade attack near Syrian capital of Damascus, 1 May 2026, https://apnews.com/article/syria-damascus-shiites-sayyida-zeinab-cleric-killed-grenade-ecd55b94ab0bf04c1d2bcabe11ba3007, accessed 17 June 2026

AP (Associated Press), Syria’s interior ministry forces enter key city under deal with Kurdish-led SDF, 2 February 2026, https://apnews.com/article/syria-sdf-hassakeh-hasakah-hasakeh-be92ab0aa2f3cc111a5a8a4740fc213a, accessed 28 May 2026

AP (Associated Press), Syrian government falls in stunning end to 50-year rule of Assad family, 8 December 2024, https://apnews.com/article/syria-assad-sweida-daraa-homs-hts-qatar-7f65823bbf0a7bd331109e8dff419430, accessed 28 May 2026

AP (Associated Press), Syrian intelligence agency says it thwarted a planned Islamic State attack on a Shiite shrine, 11 January 2025, https://apnews.com/article/syria-islamic-state-sayyida-zeinab-shiite-shrine-attack-b4b98ffc8890b30703db16ad770c2fb4, accessed 17 June 2026

AP (Associated Press), Syrian students return to schools stripped bare by conflict, 31 October 2025, https://apnews.com/article/syria-schools-rebuilding-idlib-unicef-8976fac6649c000a2c9a4876e734a82f, accessed 28 May 2026

Arab Center Washington DC, Timeline of the Recent Sectarian Strife on Syria’s Coast, 19 March 2025, https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/timeline-of-the-recent-sectarian-strife-on-syrias-coast/, accessed 28 May 2026

Arab News, Syrian authorities arrest 3 suspects linked to Coastal Shield Brigade over ‘terrorist threats’, 12 January 2026, https://www.arabnews.com/node/2629090/middle-east, accessed 28 May 2026

Arab News, Why Britain still wrestles with repatriating Daesh-linked families from detention camps in Syria, 18 May 2026, https://www.arabnews.com/node/2644067/amp, accessed 17 June 2026

Arab Weekly (The), Clashes in Suweida expose fragile balance in southern Syria, 5 May 2026, https://www.thearabweekly.com/clashes-suweida-expose-fragile-balance-southern-syria, accessed 28 May 2026

Arab Weekly (The), On second year of transition, Syria advances cautiously towards stability, 18 February 2026, https://thearabweekly.com/second-year-transition-syria-advances-cautiously-towards-stability, accessed 28 May 2026

Arab Weekly (The), Syria government, Kurdish forces clash in Aleppo as Ankara calls on SDF to disarm, 7 January 2026, https://thearabweekly.com/syria-government-kurdish-forces-clash-aleppo-ankara-calls-sdf-disarm, accessed 28 May 2026

Asharq Al-Awsat, ISIS Intensifies Lone Wolf Attacks in Syria, 27 February 2026, https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5245361-isis-intensifies-lone-wolf-attacks-syria%C2%A0, accessed 28 May 2026

Asharq Al-Awsat, ISIS Lashes Out at Syria's Sharaa, Announces ‘New Phase of Operations’, 23 February 2026, https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5243745-isis-lashes-out-syrias-sharaa-announces-%E2%80%98new-phase-operations%E2%80%99, accessed 28 May 2026

Asharq Al-Awsat, ISIS Shifts Priorities, Seeks to Raise Cost of Rule in Syria, 22 April 2026, https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5265483-isis-shifts-priorities-seeks-raise-cost-rule-syria, accessed 28 May 2026

Asharq Al-Awsat, ISIS Shifts Priorities, Seeks to Raise Cost of Rule in Syria, 22 April 2026, https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5265483-isis-shifts-priorities-seeks-raise-cost-rule-syria, accessed 17 June 2026

Asharq Al-Awsat, Syria’s Sharaa in Aleppo a Year After Fall of Second City, 29 November 2025, https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5214176-syria%E2%80%99s-sharaa-aleppo-year-after-fall-second-city, accessed 17 June 2026

Asharq Al-Awsat, Syrian Army Enters Latakia, Tartus after Attacks by Regime Remnants, 29 December 2025, https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5224111-syrian-army-enters-latakia-tartus-after-attacks-regime-remnants, accessed 28 May 2026

Asharq Al-Awsat, Syrian Government Declares Ceasefire After Clashes with Kurdish Fighters , 7 October 2025, https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5194505-syrian-government-declares-ceasefire-after-clashes-kurdish-fighters, accessed 17 June 2026

Asharq Al-Awsat, Syrian Interior Ministry Airs Confessions of ‘Saraya al-Jawad’ Members, 10 March 2026 https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5249514-syrian-interior-ministry-airs-confessions-%E2%80%98saraya-al-jawad%E2%80%99-members, accessed 28 May 2026

Barnes-Dacey, J., A year after Assad: The search for Syria’s future [Commentary], ECFR (European Council on Foreign Relations), 4 March 2026, https://ecfr.eu/article/a-year-after-assad-the-search-for-syrias-future/, accessed 28 May 2026

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), Ahmed al-Sharaa named Syria's transitional president, 31 January 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8d9r0vg6v7o, accessed 28 May 2026

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), Assad is in Moscow after fleeing Syria and will be given asylum, Russian state media report, 7 December 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwy8xzxe0w7t, accessed 28 May 2026

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), Assad says he didn't intend to leave Syria, statement claims, 16 December 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yd0zz5edqo, accessed 28 May 2026

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), Blast at Syrian mosque during Friday prayers leaves at least eight dead, 26 December 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx25387dj8no?at_medium=RSS&at_campaign=rss, accessed 28 May 2026

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), Clashes reported after Syria and Kurdish-led forces agree ceasefire, 18 January 2026, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c4gwk37ewvwo, accessed 28 May 2026

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), I would scream in my sleep: Women from Syria's Alawite minority tell of kidnap and rape, 18 February 2026, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn5g751pl7lo, accessed 28 May 2026

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), Israel seizing on Syria chaos to strike military assets, 11 December 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cdx921zreweo, accessed 28 May 2026

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), Israel strikes Syria after Druze clashes, 20 March 2026, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c248pgn158go?at_medium=RSS&at_campaign=rss, accessed 28 May 2026

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), Kurdish-led SDF agrees to integrate with Syrian government forces, 11 March 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cedlx0511w7o, accessed 28 May 2026

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), Russian strikes hit Aleppo as rebels take control, 30 November 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly27r5p0yno, accessed 28 May 2026

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), Syrian army moves east of Aleppo after Kurdish forces withdraw, 17 January 2026, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce3k279e53eo, accessed 28 May 2026

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), Syrian rebels capture second major city after military withdraws, 5 December 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cql5r2px4yyo, accessed 28 May 2026

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), Thirteen killed in deadliest Israeli raid for months in southern Syria, 28 November 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp89k31krz4o?at_medium=RSS&at_campaign=rss, accessed 28 May 2026

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), UK and France bomb underground IS arms bunker in Syria, 4 January 2026, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1m7l8keyexo, accessed 28 May 2026

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), US carries out 'massive' strike against IS in Syria, 20 December 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yq7zzw618o?at_medium=RSS&at_campaign=rss, accessed 28 May 2026

BBC Monitoring, Hundreds of Syrian SDF fighters leave Aleppo after deal, 10 April 2025, https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/b0003oub, accessed 28 May 2026

Belgium, CGRS-CEDOCA (Office of the Commissioner General for Refugees and Stateless Persons – Centre for Documentation and Research), Syrië: Veiligheidssituatie (ACLED), 31 March 2026, https://www.cgrs.be/sites/default/files/rapporten/coi_focus_syrie._veiligheidssituatie_acled_20260331.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

BISI (Bloomsbury Intelligence and Security Institute), Syrian Forces Besiege Jihadist Camp: Government Raid Signals Future Challenges, 4 November 2025, https://bisi.org.uk/reports/syrian-forces-besiege-jihadist-camp-government-raid-signals-future-challenges, accessed 28 May 2026

BISI (Bloomsbury Intelligence and Security Institute), The Domestic Situation in Post-Assad Syria: A New Era Under HTS Leadership, 27 January 2025, https://bisi.org.uk/reports/the-domestic-situation-in-post-assad-syria-a-new-era-under-hts-leadership, accessed 17 June 2026

Carter Center (The), Syria Map: Exploring Historical Control, n.d., https://www.cartercenter.org/programs/conflict-resolution/exploring-historical-control-in-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

CATS (Centre for Applied Turkey Studies), Visualising Turkey’s Foreign Policy Activism (Update), 10 December 2025, https://www.cats-network.eu/visualisations/visualising-turkeys-foreign-policy-activism-2025, accessed 28 May 2026

CIR (Centre for Information Resilience), The ongoing death: How Russian-made mines are killing Syrians and destroying their forgotten lands, 19 March 2026, https://www.info-res.org/syria/articles/the-ongoing-death-how-russian-made-mines-are-killing-syrians-and-destroying-their-forgotten-lands/, accessed 28 May 2026

CNN (Cable News Network), Syria’s military has seized swaths of Kurdish-held territory. Here’s what we know., 19 January 2026, https://edition.cnn.com/2026/01/18/middleeast/syria-military-takeover-kurdish-sdf-explainer-intl, accessed 28 May 2026

CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies), The United States Withdraws from Syria, 20 April 2026, https://www.csis.org/analysis/united-states-withdraws-syria-state-play, accessed 28 May 2026

CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies), The War with Iran Threatens Syria’s Recovery [Commentary], 12 March 2026, https://www.csis.org/analysis/war-iran-threatens-syrias-recovery, accessed 28 May 2026

D24, Reconnecting Tishreen Dam to the Syrian electricity grid after a year of shutdown, 2 February 2026, https://deirezzor24.net/en/reconnecting-tishreen-dam-to-the-syrian-electricity-grid-after-a-year-of-shutdown/, accessed 28 May 2026

Daraa24, إسرائيل تواصل تعزيز وجودها في ثكنة الجزيرة غربي درعا [Israel continues reinforcing its presence in Al-Jazira barracks west of Daraa], 25 January 2025, https://daraa24.org/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AB%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC/, accessed 28 May 2026

Davis, H., Sectarian Violence Simmers in Homs, New Lines Magazine, 10 March 2025, https://newlinesmag.com/spotlight/sectarian-violence-erupts-in-homs/, accessed 28 May 2026

Die Zeit, Nichts als Staub, Schrott und Ruinen [Nothing but dust, scrap, and ruins], 15 November 2025, available by subscription at: https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2025-11/syrien-harasta-damaskus-lebensbedingungen-stadt, accessed 28 May 2026

DW (Deutsche Welle), Back to Yarmouk: A Syrian family rebuilds and seeks justice [Video], 9 February 2026, https://www.dw.com/en/back-to-yarmouk-a-syrian-family-rebuilds-and-seeks-justice/video-75848678, accessed 28 May 2026

DW (Deutsche Welle), Israel hits Syria's military HQ and near presidential palace, 16 July 2025, https://www.dw.com/en/israel-hits-syrias-military-hq-and-near-presidential-palace/a-73295053, accessed 28 May 2026

DW (Deutsche Welle), Return to Syria: Rebuilding and seeking justice in Yarmouk [Video], 7 February 2026, https://www.dw.com/en/return-to-syria-rebuilding-and-seeking-justice-in-yarmouk/video-75848665, accessed 28 May 2026

DW (Deutsche Welle), Syria: Life-saving aid reaches Kurdish city of Kobane, 25 January 2026, https://www.dw.com/en/un-aid-arrives-in-embattled-kurdish-city-of-kobane-syria/a-75652409, accessed 28 May 2026

DW (Deutsche Welle), Syria: US launches airstrikes on IS targets after attack, 20 December 2025, https://www.dw.com/en/syria-us-launches-airstrikes-on-is-targets-after-attack/a-75250651, accessed 28 May 2026

DW (Deutsche Welle), Syrian army extends control in north, seizes oil fields, 18 January 2026, https://www.dw.com/en/syrian-army-extends-control-in-north-seizes-gas-oil-fields/a-75551958, accessed 28 May 2026

DW (Deutsche Welle), Syria's interim president forms new transitional government, 30 March 2025, https://www.dw.com/en/syrias-interim-president-forms-new-transitional-government/a-72085409, accessed 17 June 2026

Enab Baladi, Al-Hasakah: Coalition Shoots Down Drones, Iranian Missile Intercepted Near al-Qamishli, 3 April 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/03/al-hasakah-coalition-shoots-down-drones-iranian-missile-intercepted-near-al-qamishli/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Al-Hijri insists on independence with Israeli guarantees, 13 January 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/01/al-hijri-insists-on-independence-with-israeli-guarantees/, accessed 17 June 2026

Enab Baladi, Al-Hijri insists on independence with Israeli guarantees, 13 January 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/01/al-hijri-insists-on-independence-with-israeli-guarantees/, accessed 17 June 2026

Enab Baladi, Al-Hijri states his demands: What is happening in Suwayda is “genocide”, 11 October 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/10/al-hijri-states-his-demands-what-is-happening-in-suwayda-is-genocide/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Arrests in Suwayda to “foil a coup” against al-Hijri, 30 November 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/11/arrests-in-suwayda-to-foil-a-coup-against-al-hijri/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Baniyas: IED Explosion Targets Police Car, 27 October 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/10/baniyas-ied-explosion-targets-police-car/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Clashes Erupt on Tell Tamer Front, First Direct Fighting Reported Between Syrian Government Forces and “SDF”, 30 January 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/01/clashes-erupt-on-tell-tamer-front-first-direct-fighting-reported-between-syrian-government-forces-and-sdf/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Clashes Renewed Between Interior Ministry Forces, National Guard in Suwayda, 18 January 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/01/clashes-renewed-between-interior-ministry-forces-national-guard-in-suwayda/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Damascus – SDF negotiations await the “deal”, 30 January 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/01/damascus-sdf-negotiations-await-the-deal/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Despite government deal, YPJ refuses to lay down arms, 3 February 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/02/despite-government-deal-ypj-refuses-to-lay-down-arms/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Displacement from Sheikh Maqsoud and al-Ashrafiya neighborhoods in Aleppo, 23 December 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/12/displacement-from-sheikh-maqsoud-and-al-ashrafiya-neighborhoods-in-aleppo/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Explosive remnants of war continue to threaten children in northeast Syria, 28 March 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/03/explosive-remnants-of-war-continue-to-threaten-children-in-northeast-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Explosive remnants of war threaten civilians after SDF withdrawal, Emergency Ministry warns, 28 January 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/01/explosive-remnants-of-war-threaten-civilians-after-sdf-withdrawal-emergency-ministry-warns/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Four killed in clashes between Syrian Interior Ministry forces and Suwayda factions, 23 December 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/12/four-killed-as-interior-ministry-forces-and-suwayda-factions-clash-despite-truce/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Hamo: Four SDF Brigades Join Defense Ministry, 2 May 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/05/hamo/, accessed 15 June 2026

Enab Baladi, Hamo: Four SDF Brigades Join Defense Ministry, 2 May 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/05/hamo/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Homs, Security forces move to contain fallout from sectarian-motivated crime, 24 November 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/11/homs-security-forces-move-to-contain-fallout-from-sectarian-motivated-crime/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Homs, Syria: “Mobile Killings” Claim 30 Civilian Lives in Two Months, 1 March 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/03/homs-syria-mobile-killings-claim-30-civilian-lives-in-two-months/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, In Suwayda, the Druze “National Guard” Incorporates Men of Dignity as Sheikh al-Hijri Calls for Separation from Syria, 25 August 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/08/in-suwayda-the-druze-national-guard-incorporates-men-of-dignity-as-sheikh-al-hijri-calls-for-separation-from-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Islamic State claims attack in Aleppo as assaults escalate, 7 March 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/03/islamic-state-claims-attack-in-aleppo-as-assaults-escalate/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Islamic State Claims Attack on Government Forces in Deir Ezzor, 20 February 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/02/islamic-state/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Islamic State claims attack targeting road security personnel in Idlib, 15 December 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/12/islamic-state-claims-attack-targeting-road-security-personnel-in-idlib/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Islamic State Claims Two Attacks in Syria in Two Days, 18 April 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/04/islamic-state-claims-two-attacks-in-syria-in-two-days/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Israel destabilizes southern Syria through incursions and land grabs, 7 December 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/12/israel-destabilizes-southern-syria-through-incursions-and-land-grabs/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Israel Sets Up Checkpoint in Quneitra Countryside, 12 May 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/05/israel-sets-up-checkpoint-in-quneitra-countryside/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Israel shells Koya farmland in western Daraa after incursions and threats, 23 October 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/10/israel-shells-koya-farmland-in-western-daraa-after-incursions-and-threats/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Israeli army arrests six young men in southwestern Syria, 29 December 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/12/israeli-army-arrests-six-young-men-in-southwestern-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Israeli army arrests two young men in rural Daraa, 24 December 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/12/israeli-army-arrests-two-young-men-in-rural-daraa/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Israeli Army Detains Two, Continues Quneitra Incursions, 20 May 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/05/israeli-army-detains-two-continues-quneitra-incursions/, accessed 17 June 2026

Enab Baladi, Israeli Army Intensifies Moves, Fortifications in Quneitra, 12 May 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/05/israeli-army-intensifies-moves-fortifications-in-quneitra/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Israeli army raids home in rural Daraa, southern Syria, 14 November 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/11/israeli-army-raids-home-in-rural-daraa/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Israeli Army Wounds Shepherd in Rural Daraa, 1 June 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/06/israeli-army-wounds-shepherd-in-rural-daraa/, accessed 17 June 2026

Enab Baladi, Israeli arrest operations escalate in Quneitra, 13 March 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/03/israeli-arrest-operations-escalate-in-quneitra/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Israeli Forces Detain Farmer in Quneitra Incursion, 22 April 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/04/israeli-forces-detain-farmer-in-quneitra-incursion/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Israeli incursions in Quneitra, southern Syria, put civilians at risk and erode their sense of belonging, 21 October 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/10/israeli-incursions-threaten-civilians-and-erode-national-belonging/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Leader of “Saraya al-Jawad” killed in clashes with Internal Security, 24 February 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/02/leader-of-saraya-al-jawad-killed-in-clashes-with-internal-security/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, NPR: 20,000 Uyghurs Live in Syria, 19 May 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/05/npr-20000-uyghurs-live-in-syria/, accessed 17 June 2026

Enab Baladi, Renewed clashes between Syrian army and SDF in Deir Ezzor, 26 October 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/10/renewed-clashes-between-syrian-army-and-sdf-in-deir-ezzor/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, SDF Launches Month-Long Campaign in al-Hasakah, 3 June 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/06/sdf-launches-month-long-campaign-in-al-hasakah/, accessed 15 June 2026

Enab Baladi, SDF Tunnels, A Heavy Legacy Beneath al-Hasakah’s Soil, 31 January 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/01/sdf-tunnels/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Suwayda governorate launches “humanitarian initiative” to facilitate the return of the displaced, 15 October 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/10/suwayda-governorate-launches-humanitarian-initiative-to-facilitate-the-return-of-the-displaced/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Suwayda: Injuries in Clash between “Interior Ministry” and Local Factions, 4 May 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/05/suwayda-injuries-in-clash-between-interior-ministry-and-local-factions/, accessed 17 June 2026

Enab Baladi, Suwayda’s “National Guard” releases more than 20 detainees arrested for supporting government, 27 March 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/03/suwaydas-national-guard-releases-more-than-20-detainees-arrested-for-supporting-government/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Syria: al-Hasakah Security Vacuum Drives Theft Surge in Markada, 24 April 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/04/syria-hasakah-security-vacuum-drives-theft-surge-in-markada/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Syria’s Interior Ministry Announces Arrest of “Terrorist Cell” in Tartous, 8 March 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/03/syrias-interior-ministry-announces-arrest-of-terrorist-cell-in-tartous/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Syria’s Interior Ministry Says Hezbollah Cell Foiled in Quneitra, 19 April 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/04/syrias-interior-ministry-says-hezbollah-cell-foiled-in-quneitra/, accessed 17 June 2026

Enab Baladi, Syria’s Interior Ministry says it broke up cells in Latakia tied to three Assad associates, 26 October 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/10/syrias-interior-ministry-says-it-broke-up-cells-in-latakia-tied-to-three-assad-associates/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Syrian Army Takes Over al-Shaddadi Base After Coalition Handover, 15 February 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/02/syrian-army-receives-al-shaddadi-base-from-the-international-coalition/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Syrian Defense Ministry Issues Strict Rules on Military Visibility, 18 April 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/04/syrian-defense-ministry-2/, accessed 17 June 2026

Enab Baladi, Syrian Defense Ministry: Dead and injured in SDF shelling east of Aleppo, 11 September 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/09/syrian-defense-ministry-dead-and-injured-in-sdf-shelling-east-of-aleppo/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Syrian detainees from Daraa disappear in Israeli custody, 17 October 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/10/syrian-detainees-from-daraa-disappear-in-israeli-custody/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Syrian Interior Ministry announces targeting Islamic State cells in Idlib, 1 December 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/12/syrian-interior-ministry-announces-targeting-islamic-state-cells-in-idlib/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Syrian Interior Ministry issues “code of conduct” for its personnel, 21 November 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/11/syrian-interior-ministry-issues-code-of-conduct-for-its-personnel/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, The Syrian army completes its takeover of Raqqa and Deir Ezzor, 19 January 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/01/the-syrian-army-completes-its-takeover-of-raqqa-and-deir-ezzor/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, Truffle Season in al-Hasakah, A Bountiful Harvest Threatened by Landmines, 31 March 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/03/truffle-season-in-al-hasakah-a-bountiful-harvest-threatened-by-landmines/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, War remnants explosion injures 31 civilians in Homs, 14 March 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/03/war-remnants-explosion-injures-31-civilians-in-homs/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, What are the roles of Syria’s Defense Ministry advisory board?, 30 March 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/03/what-are-the-roles-of-syrias-defense-ministry-advisory-board/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, What Is the “National Guard” Formed by Sheikh al-Hijri in Suwayda, Southern Syria?, 23 August 2025, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2025/08/what-is-the-national-guard-formed-by-sheikh-al-hijri-in-suwayda-southern-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Baladi, غارة إسرائيلية على مواقع عسكرية في درعا [Israeli airstrike targets military positions in Dar’a], 20 March 2026, https://www.enabbaladi.net/800504/%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%b9%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b9/, accessed 28 May 2026

Enab Balasi, Security Alert in al-Hasakah, Tight Measures and Arrests, 23 April 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/04/security-alert-in-al-hasakah-tight-measures-and-arrests/, accessed 28 May 2026

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Damascus, last updated 12 June 2026, https://www.britannica.com/place/Damascus, accessed 28 May 2026

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Hama, last updated 25 January 2026, https://www.britannica.com/place/Hamah, accessed 28 May 2026

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Idlib, last updated 22 October 2025, https://www.britannica.com/place/Idlib, accessed 28 May 2026

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Sweida, last updated 27 March 2026, https://www.britannica.com/place/Al-Suwayda, accessed 28 May 2026

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Syria – Local government, last updated 15 June 2026, https://www.britannica.com/place/Syria/Local-government, accessed 28 May 2026

EPC (Emirates Policy Center), The Turkish Role in Rebuilding Syria’s Military and Security Capabilities, 30 December 2025, https://epc.ae/en/details/featured/the-turkish-role-in-rebuilding-syria-s-military-and-security-capabilities, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, ANALYSIS: Opportunities & challenges in integrating north-east Syria, 12 March 2026, https://etanasyria.org/analysis-opportunities-challenges-in-integrating-north-east-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, ANALYSIS: Progress & Challenges in SDF Integration, 28 March 2026, https://etanasyria.org/analysis-progress-challenges-in-sdf-integration/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, BRIEF: Armed Clashes & Sectarian Violence on Syria’s Coast, 8 April 2025, https://etanasyria.org/brief-armed-clashes-sectarian-violence-on-syrias-coast/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, BRIEF: Ceasefire pauses SDF-Damascus fighting, 14 October 2025, https://etanasyria.org/brief-ceasefire-pauses-sdf-damascus-fighting/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, BRIEF: Clashes erupt in Aleppo province, 15 January 2026, https://etanasyria.org/brief-clashes-erupt-in-aleppo-province/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, BRIEF: Clashes in western Suwayda, 28 March 2026, https://etanasyria.org/brief-clashes-in-western-suwayda/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, BRIEF: Impact of regional conflict on south Syria, 10 March 2026, https://etanasyria.org/brief-impact-of-regional-conflict-on-south-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, BRIEF: Israeli operations continue in south-west Syria, 3 February 2026, https://etanasyria.org/brief-israeli-operations-continue-in-south-west-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, Brief: Palmyra attack raises concerns of ISIS infiltration, 21 December 2025, https://etanasyria.org/brief-palmyra-attack-raises-concerns-of-isis-infiltration/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, BRIEF: Raqqa, Deir Ezzor fall to interim authorities, 21 January 2026, https://etanasyria.org/brief-raqqa-deir-ezzor-fall-to-interim-authorities/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, BRIEF: Recent developments in north-east Syria, 13 April 2026, https://etanasyria.org/brief-recent-developments-in-north-east-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, BRIEF: Recent developments in south-west Syria, 25 May 2026, https://etanasyria.org/brief-recent-developments-in-south-west-syria-2/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, BRIEF: Recent developments in south-west Syria, 8 April 2026, https://etanasyria.org/brief-recent-developments-in-south-west-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, BRIEF: Recent developments in south-west Syria, 8 April 2026, https://etanasyria.org/brief-recent-developments-in-south-west-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, BRIEF: Recent developments in Suwayda, 17 April 2026, https://etanasyria.org/brief-recent-developments-in-suwayda/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, BRIEF: Rising instability in south-west Syria, 8 October 2025, https://etanasyria.org/brief-rising-instability-in-south-west-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, BRIEF: SDF Agreement Stalls as ISIS Regroups, 30 April 2025, https://etanasyria.org/brief-sdf-agreement-stalls-as-isis-regroups/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, BRIEF: Sectarian unrest in Al- Suqaylabiyeh, 7 April 2026, https://etanasyria.org/brief-sectarian-unrest-in-al-suqaylabiyeh/FDD (Foundation for Defense of Democracies), Syria’s Crackdown on Hezbollah Opens a Door to Cooperation With Israel, 21 April 2026, https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2026/04/21/syrias-crackdown-on-hezbollah-opens-a-door-to-cooperation-with-israel/, accessed 17 June 2026

Etana Syria, BRIEF: Sectarian unrest in Al- Suqaylabiyeh, 7 April 2026, https://etanasyria.org/brief-sectarian-unrest-in-al-suqaylabiyeh/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, BRIEF: Uneasy calm in Suwayda, 27 October 2025, https://etanasyria.org/brief-uneasy-calm-in-suwayda/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana Syria, Syria Update #25: 26 May 2025, 26 May 2025, https://etanasyria.org/syria-update-25-26-may-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana, Syria Update #15: 28 January, 28 January 2025, https://etanasyria.org/syria-update-15-28-january/, accessed 28 May 2026

Etana, Syria Update #16: 3 February, 3 February 2025, https://etanasyria.org/syria-update-16-3-february/, accessed 28 May 2026

EUAA (European Union Agency for Asylum), EUAA Country of Origin Information (COI) Report Methodology, February 2023, https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2023_02_EUAA_COI_Report_methodology.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

EUAA (European Union Agency for Asylum), Syria – Country Focus, July 2025, https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_07_EUAA_COI_Report_Syria_Country_Focus.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

EUAA (European Union Agency for Asylum), Syria – Major human rights, security, and socio-economic developments [Q33-2025], 1 October 2025, https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_10_EUAA_COI_Query_Response_Q33_Syria_Major_Human_rights.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

FDD (Foundation for Defense of Democracies), Sectarian Fires Return to Syria’s Coast, 31 December 2025, https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2025/12/31/sectarian-fires-return-to-syrias-coast/, accessed 28 May 2026

FDD (Foundation for Defense of Democracies), Syrian Government Launches Operation to Apprehend Wanted French Jihadist Fugitives, 22 October 2025, https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2025/10/22/syrian-government-launches-operation-to-apprehend-wanted-french-jihadist-fugitives/, accessed 28 May 2026

FDD’s (Foundation for Defense of Democracies) Long War Journal, US launches widespread airstrikes against Islamic State in Syria after deadly Palmyra attack, 19 December 2025, https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2025/12/us-launches-widespread-airstrikes-against-islamic-state-in-syria-after-deadly-palmyra-attack.php, accessed 17 June 2026

France 24, Witnesses accuse the Israeli army of arbitrary arrests in Syria, 27 May 2026, https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20260527-witnesses-accuse-israeli-army-arbitrary-arrests-syria, accessed 17 June 2026

France24, Assad era minister turns himself in to new Syria authorities: statement, 4 February 2025, https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250204-assad-era-minister-turns-himself-in-to-new-syria-authorities-statement, accessed 28 May 2026

France24, Chaos as jihadist relatives left Syrian camp, witnesses say, 26 February 2026, https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260226-chaos-as-jihadist-relatives-left-syrian-camp-witnesses-say, accessed 28 May 2026

France24, Deadly clashes break out in Syria after Alawite mosque bombing, 28 December 2025, https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20251228-clashes-erupt-syria-alawite-minority-protests-deadly-homs-mosque-bombing, accessed 28 May 2026

Garofalo, D., Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah’s Micro-insurgency in Syria, The Jamestown Foundation, 15 January 2026, https://jamestown.org/saraya-ansar-al-sunnahs-micro-insurgency-in-syria/, accessed 17 June 2026

Geneva Declaration Secretariat, Global burden of armed violence, 2008, https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Crime-statistics/Global-Burden-of-Armed-Violence-full-report.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

GS (Geo-Strategic Studies Network), Comprehensive Military Comparison of Armed Forces in Syria, 14 July 2025, https://english.geo-strategic.com/2025/07/comprehensive-military-comparison-of.html, accessed 28 May 2026

Guardian (The), A year after fall of Assad, a divided Syria struggles to escape cycle of violence, 8 December 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/08/stalled-justice-violence-syria-assad-one-year-on, accessed 28 May 2026

Guardian (The), Israel says airstrikes in Syria are ‘message’ to protect Druze minority, 3 May 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/02/israel-says-airstrikes-in-syria-are-message-to-protect-druze-minority, accessed 28 May 2026

Guardian (The), Rebel leader Ahmed al-Sharaa made transitional president of Syria, 29 January 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/29/rebel-leader-ahmad-al-sharaa-made-transitional-president-of-syria, accessed 28 May 2026

HALO Trust (The), HALO weapons specialist advises UN Security Council on safe access for chemical weapons inspectors, 10 March 2026, https://www.halotrust.org/news/halo-advises-unsc/, accessed 28 May 2026

HALO Trust (The), Surviving the war, dying in peace, 23 March 2026, https://www.halotrust.org/news/surviving-the-war-dying-in-peace/, accessed 28 May 2026

Handicap International, Landminen in Syrien [Landmines in Syria], last updated 16 March 2026, https://www.landmine.de/landminen-weltweit/landminen-in-syrien/, accessed 28 May 2026

Harmoon Center, Harmoon Center Monitoring Report for March 2025, 20 April 2025, https://damascusinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Harmoon-Center-Monitoring-Report-for-March-2025.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

Hassan, H., How Foreign Agendas Hijacked a Local Crisis in Syria, New Lines Magazine, 24 July 2025, https://newlinesmag.com/argument/how-foreign-agendas-hijacked-local-crisis-in-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

Hazran, Y., The Syrian Druze: Between the Hammer of Integration and the Anvil of Separation, 2 September 2025, https://cdn-mef.meforum.org/fe/ef/5ce596dd421c92d55c9caf877184/yusri-hazran-meq-fall-2025.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

Health Cluster and WHO (World Health Organization), Syria: Health Sector Bulletin - January 2026, 1 April 2026, available at: https://reliefweb.int/attachments/a6dcc2a4-4ee8-4c27-9b36-6cf7d34cf88a/Health Sector Bulletin - January 2026.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

Health Cluster and WHO (World Health Organization), Syria: Health Sector Bulletin - April 2026, 2 May 2026, available at: https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c23a5bea-f6f4-4753-a6cd-520ca04cf212/Health Sector Bulletin April 2026.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

Helmi, K., After Assad, a New Uncertainty in Syria’s South, TIMEP (Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy), 26 March 2026, https://timep.rg/2026/03/26/after-assad-a-new-uncertainty-in-syrias-south/, accessed 28 May 2026

HRW (Human Rights Watch), Israel Bankrolls War Crimes in Occupied Syrian Golan, 28 April 2026, https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/04/28/israel-bankrolls-war-crimes-in-occupied-syrian-golan, accessed 28 May 2026

HRW (Human Rights Watch), Syria: Civilian Protection Lacking in Northeast Escalation, 25 January 2026, https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/01/25/syria-civilian-protection-lacking-in-northeast-escalation, accessed 28 May 2026

HRW (Human Rights Watch), Syria: Israel Forcibly Displaces Villagers in Occupied South, 17 September 2025, https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/09/17/syria-israel-forcibly-displaces-villagers-in-occupied-south, accessed 28 May 2026

HRW (Human Rights Watch), Syria: Türkiye-backed Armed Groups Detain, Extort Civilians, 14 May 2025, https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/05/14/syria-turkiye-backed-armed-groups-detain-extort-civilians, accessed 28 May 2026

HRW (Human Rights Watch), World Report – Syria, 16 January 2025, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2025/01/World%20Report%202025.pdf, accessed 17 June 2026

Hürriyet Daily News, Syria says ISIL leader captured in Damascus countryside, 25 December 2025, https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/syria-says-isil-leader-captured-in-damascus-countryside-217168, accessed 28 May 2026

Ibrahim Hamidi, [X], posted on: 19 December 2025, https://x.com/ibrahimhamidi/status/2002137672312369565, accessed 28 May 2026

ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross), Syria: ICRC facilitates release and transfer of 86 detainees between Damascus and Sweida, 26 February 2026, https://www.icrc.org/en/news-release/syria-icrc-facilitates-release-and-transfer-86-detainees-between-damascus-and-sweida, accessed 17 June 2026

Iddon, P., Why fighting is raging in north Syria between the Turkish-backed SNA and Kurdish-led SDF, The New Arab, 21 January 2025, https://www.newarab.com/analysis/why-fighting-raging-north-syria-between-sna-and-sdf, accessed 28 May 2026

IISS (International Institute for Strategic Studies), Ceasefire in Syria: a challenging outlook, 18 February 2026, https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2026/02/ceasefire-in-syria-a-challenging-outlook/, accessed 28 May 2026

Independent, What to know about the French militants who clashed with Syrian forces in Idlib, 23 October 2025, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/syrians-bashar-assad-french-islamist-turkish-b2851124.html, accessed 28 May 2026

INSO (International NGO Safety Organisation), Safety and Access Review: Q4 2025, 2026, https://inso.ngo/ras26203, accessed 28 May 2026

International Crisis Group, A Helping Hand for Post-Assad Syria, 22 May 2025, https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/east-mediterranean-mena/syria/helping-hand-post-assad-syria, accessed 28 May 2026

International Crisis Group, Crisis Watch – Syria: December 2024 – April 2026, n.d., https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/database?location%5B%5D=83&crisis_state=&created=custom&from_month=12&from_year=2024&to_month=4&to_year=2026, accessed 28 May 2026

International Crisis Group, Crisis Watch – Syria: December 2024 – April 2026, n.d., https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/database?location%5B%5D=83&crisis_state=&created=custom&from_month=12&from_year=2024&to_month=4&to_year=2026, accessed 17 June 2026

International Crisis Group, Crisis Watch – Syria: July 2025, n.d., https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/database?location%5B%5D=83&crisis_state=&created=custom&from_month=7&from_year=2025&to_month=7&to_year=2025, accessed 28 May 2026

International Crisis Group, Crisis Watch – Syria: November 2025, n.d., https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/november-trends-and-december-alerts-2025#syria, accessed 17 June 2026

International Crisis Group, Palmyra Attack Exposes Syria’s Security Sector Vulnerabilities, 15 December 2025, https://www.crisisgroup.org/alr/middle-east-north-africa/syria-united-states/palmyra-attack-exposes-syrias-security-sector-vulnerabilities, accessed 28 May 2026

International Crisis Group, Preventing Further Escalation in Syria’s North East, 20 January 2026, https://www.crisisgroup.org/stm/middle-east-north-africa/syria/preventing-further-escalation-syrias-north-east, accessed 28 May 2026

International Crisis Group, Restoring Security in Post-Assad Syria: Lessons from the Coast and Suweida, 26 November 2025, https://www.crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/2025-11/253-syria-post-assad.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

International Crisis Group, The Eleventh Hour for Idlib, Syria’s Last Rebel Bastion, 6 February 2020, https://www.crisisgroup.org/sites/default/files/idlib-alert.pdfm, accessed 28 May 2026

International Crisis Group, The Struggle to Pacify Syria’s Foreign Legions, 13 May 2026, https://www.crisisgroup.org/cmt/middle-east-north-africa/syria/struggle-pacify-syrias-foreign-legions, accessed 17 June 2026

International Crisis Group, What Lies in Store for Syria as a New Government Takes Power?, 25 April 2025, https://www.crisisgroup.org/qna/middle-east-north-africa/east-mediterranean-mena/syria/what-lies-store-syria-new-government-takes-power, accessed 17 June 2026

IOM (International Organization for Migration), DTM Syria Dashboard, Population Groups Baseline, n.d., https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiODEyYWFkOTYtZTlhYi00NjVhLWFjY2EtY2JiNzZkMWIxY2NkIiwidCI6IjE1ODgyNjJkLTIzZmItNDNiNC1iZDZlLWJjZTQ5YzhlNjE4NiIsImMiOjh9, accessed 28 May 2026

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Syrian Arab Republic – Population Mobility and Baseline Assessment – Round 13 – February 2026, 16 March 2026, https://dtm.iom.int/dtm_download_track/92606?file=1&type=node&id=61946, accessed 28 May 2026

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Syrian Arab Republic – Population Mobility and Baseline Assessment – Round 12 – January 2026, 12 February 2026, https://dtm.iom.int/dtm_download_track/91231?file=1&type=node&id=61046, accessed 28 May 2026

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Syrian Arab Republic – Community Baseline Assessment – Round 1 – February 2025, 6 March 2025, https://dtm.iom.int/dtm_download_track/94646?file=1&type=node&id=49906, accessed 28 May 2026

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Syrian Arab Republic – Population Mobility and Baseline Assessment – Round 15 – April 2026, 18 May 2026, https://dtm.iom.int/dtm_download_track/98156?file=1&type=node&id=64551, accessed 28 May 2026

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Syrian Arab Republic – Population Mobility and Baseline Assessment – Round 14 – March 2026, 16 April 2026, https://dtm.iom.int/dtm_download_track/94601?file=1&type=node&id=63101, accessed 28 May 2026

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Syrian Arab Republic – Population Mobility and Baseline Assessment – Round 10 – November 2025, 19 December 2025, https://dtm.iom.int/dtm_download_track/88886?file=1&type=node&id=59326, accessed 28 May 2026

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Syrian Arab Republic – Population Mobility and Baseline Assessment – Round 9 – October 2025, 10 November 2025, https://dtm.iom.int/dtm_download_track/87576?file=1&type=node&id=58076, accessed 28 May 2026

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Syrian Arab Republic – Population Mobility and Baseline Assessment – Round 7 – August 2025, 12 September 2025, https://dtm.iom.int/dtm_download_track/84306?file=1&type=node&id=56036, accessed 28 May 2026

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Syrian Arab Republic – Population Mobility and Baseline Assessment – Round 6 – July 2025, 18 August 2025, https://dtm.iom.int/dtm_download_track/87246?file=1&type=node&id=55366, accessed 28 May 2026

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Syrian Arab Republic – Population Mobility and Baseline Assessment – Round 5 – June 2025, 7 July 2025, https://dtm.iom.int/dtm_download_track/82196?file=1&type=node&id=53976, accessed 28 May 2026

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Syrian Arab Republic – Population Mobility and Baseline Assessment – Round 4 – May 2025, 11 June 2025, https://dtm.iom.int/dtm_download_track/82191?file=1&type=node&id=53266, accessed 28 May 2026

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Syrian Arab Republic – Population Mobility and Baseline Assessment – Round 3 – April 2025, 10 May 2025, https://dtm.iom.int/dtm_download_track/82181?file=1&type=node&id=52131, accessed 28 May 2026

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Syrian Arab Republic, Communities of Return Index, January 2026 – Round 4, 2 April 2026, https://dtm.iom.int/dtm_download_track/93676?file=1&type=node&id=62606, accessed 28 May 2026

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Syrian Arab Republic, Communities of Return Index, October 2025 – Round 3, 15 December 2025, https://dtm.iom.int/dtm_download_track/91706?file=1&type=node&id=59176, accessed 28 May 2026

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Syrian Arab Republic: Emergency Mobility Tracking Situation Report Aleppo/ North East Syria (NES) Conflict – Round 15, 11 March 2026, https://dtm.iom.int/dtm_download_track/92541?file=1&type=node&id=61901, accessed 28 May 2026

IOM , Syrian Arab Republic: Emergency Mobility Tracking Situation Report Aleppo/ North East Syria (NES) Conflict – Round 14, 4 March 2026, https://dtm.iom.int/dtm_download_track/92256?file=1&type=node&id=61701, accessed 28 May 2026

ISPI (Italian Institute for International Political Studies), Syria: Al-Sharaa’s Offensive Against the SDF Reshapes the Balance of Power, 22 January 2026, https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/syria-al-sharaas-offensive-against-the-sdf-reshapes-the-balance-of-power-228063, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Assessed Control of Terrain around Deir ez Zor November 3, 2025 at 2:00 PM ET, 3 November 2025, https://understandingwar.org/map/assessed-control-of-terrain-around-deir-ez-zor-november-3-2025-at-200-pm-et/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Assessed Control of Terrain in Suwayda Province, January 2, 2026 at 2:00 PM ET, 2 January 2026, https://understandingwar.org/map/assessed-control-of-terrain-in-suwayda-province-january-2-2026-at-200-pm-et/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Assessed Control of Terrain in Syria as of December 13, 2024 at 2:00 PM ET, 13 December 2024, https://understandingwar.org/map/reported-control-of-terrain-in-syria-as-of-december-16-2024-at-200-pm-et/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Assessed Control of Terrain in Syria March 10, 2025 at 2:00 PM EST, 11 March 2025, https://understandingwar.org/map/assessed-control-of-terrain-in-syria-march-10-2025-at-200-pm-est/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Assessed Control of Terrain in Syria May 30, 2025 at 2:00 PM EST, 30 May 2025, https://understandingwar.org/map/assessed-control-of-terrain-in-syria-may-30-2025-at-200-pm-est/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Assessed Control of Terrain in Syria November 10, 2025 at 2:00 PM ET, 10 November 2025, https://understandingwar.org/map/assessed-control-of-terrain-in-syria-november-10-2025-at-200-pm-et/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Assessed Control of Terrain in Syria, February 16, 2026 at 2:00 PM ET, 16 February 2026, https://understandingwar.org/map/assessed-control-of-terrain-in-syria-february-16-2026-at-200-pm-et/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Assessed Control of Terrain in Western Syria, November 25, 2025 at 2:00 PM ET, 25 November 2025, https://understandingwar.org/map/assessed-control-of-terrain-in-western-syria-november-25-2025-at-200-pm-et/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Assessed Control of Terrain Western Syria September 30, 2025, 30 September 2025, https://understandingwar.org/map/assessed-control-of-terrain-in-western-syria-september-30-2025-at-200-pm-et/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Interactive Map: Assessed Control of Terrain in Syria, 27 February 2026, https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/1933cb1d315f4db3a4f4dcc5ef40753a, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, January 29, 2025, 29 January 2025, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-january-29-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, February 15, 2025, 15 February 2025, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-february-15-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, March 21, 2025, 21 March 2025, https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Iran20Update2C20March20212C20202520PDF.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, August 15, 2025, 15 August 2025, https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Iran20Update20August20152C2020252028PDF29.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, September 11, 2025, 11 September 2025, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-september-11-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, October 10, 2025, 10 October 2025, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-october-10-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, October 14, 2025, 14 October 2025, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-october-14-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, October 27, 2025, 27 October 2025, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-october-27-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, November 3, 2025, 3 November 2025, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-november-3-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, November 10, 2025, 10 November 2025, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-november-10-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, November 25, 2025, 25 November 2025, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-november-25-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, December 17, 2025, 17 December 2025, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-december-17-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, December 22, 2025, 22 December 2025, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-december-22-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, December 29, 2025, 29 December 2025, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-december-29-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, December 30, 2025, 30 December 2025, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-december-30-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, January 15, 2026, 15 January 2026, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-january-15-2026/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, January 19, 2026, 19 January 2026, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-january-19-2026/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, January 20, 2026, 20 January 2026, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-january-20-2026/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, January 22, 2026, 22 January 2026, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-january-22-2026/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, January 27, 2026, 27 January 2026, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-january-27-2026/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, January 30, 2026, 30 January 2026, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-january-30-2026/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, February 3, 2026, 3 February 2026, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-february-3-2026/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, February 12, 2026, 12 February 2026, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-february-12-2026/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, February 17, 2026, 17 February 2026, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-february-17-2026/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, February 19, 2026, 19 February 2026, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-february-19-2026/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, February 25, 2026, 25 February 2026, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-february-25-2026/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Iran Update, February 27, 2026, 27 February 2026, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-february-27-2026/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), ISIS Activity in Idlib and Aleppo, December 16, 2025 [Map], 16 December 2025, https://understandingwar.org/map/isis-activity-in-idlib-and-aleppo-december-16-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), ISIS Attacks in Northeastern Syria since February 18, February 24, 2026 at 2:00 PM ET, 24 February 2026, https://understandingwar.org/map/isis-attacks-in-northeastern-syria-since-february-18-february-24-2026-at-200-pm-et/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Likely ISIS-Affiliated Attack in Aleppo City on December 31, 2025, 2 January 2026, https://understandingwar.org/map/likely-isis-affiliated-attack-in-aleppo-city-on-december-31-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Reported Control of Terrain in Syria as of December 19, 2024 at 2:00 PM ET [Map], 20 December 2024, https://understandingwar.org/map/reported-control-of-terrain-in-syria-as-of-december-19-2024-at-200-pm-et/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), The New Syrian Army: Order of Battle, 14 November 2025, https://understandingwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/The-New-Syrian-Army-Order-of-Battle_final.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Syrian Government Offensive Forces Syrian Kurdish Group to Capitulate, 18 January 2026, https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/syrian-government-offensive-forces-syrian-kurdish-group-to-capitulate/, accessed 28 May 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Assessed Control of Terrain in Western Syria, July 28, 2025 at 2:00 PM EST, 28 July 2025, https://understandingwar.org/map/assessed-control-of-terrain-in-western-syria-july-28-2025-at-200-pm-est/, accessed 17 June 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Assessed Control of Terrain in Western Syria March 19, 2025 at 2:00 PM EST, 19 March 2025, https://understandingwar.org/map/assessed-control-of-terrain-in-western-syria-march-19-2025-at-200-pm-est/, accessed 17 June 2026

ISW (Institute for the Study of War) and CTP (Critical Threats Project), Reported Control of Terrain in Syria as of January 5, 2025 at 2:00 PM EST, 5 January 2025, https://understandingwar.org/map/reported-control-of-terrain-in-syria-as-of-january-5-2025-at-200-pm-est/, accessed 17 June 2026

Jerusalem Post (The), Jordan is enforcing a red line in Syria via airstrikes – analysis, 3 May 2026, https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-894950, accessed 28 May 2026

Jusoor for Studies, U.S. Withdrawal Shifts Damascus-SDF Calculus, 22 April 2026, https://jusoor.co/en/details/us-withdrawal-shifts-damascus-sdf-calculus, accessed 28 May 2026

Karlin, M., Seizing the opening in Syria and Lebanon, Brookings Institution, 7 November 2025, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/seizing-the-opening-in-syria-and-lebanon/, accessed 28 May 2026

Koefoed Khairbek, R., Witness Statement on the Persecution of Alawite Civilians in Syria since 8 December 2024, USCIRF (US Commission on International Religious Freedom), 13 November 2025, https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/Rita Khairbek Written Testimony.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

Kurd Online, اعتقال فريد كردو في الرقة ضمن حملة متصاعدة تستهدف المدنيين الكرد وسط مخاوف من انتهاكات ممنهجة [Farid Kurdo was arrested in Raqqa as part of an escalating campaign targeting Kurdish civilians, amid fears of systematic abuses.], 6 May 2026, https://kurd-online.com/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7/, accessed 28 May 2026

Kurd Online, تعليمات بإخلاء وهدم منازل تعود لعائلات كردية في الرقة تثير مخاوف من تغييرات ديموغرافية وانتهاكات لحقوق الملكية [Instructions to evacuate and demolish homes belonging to Kurdish families in Raqqa raise concerns about demographic changes and property rights violations.], 18 April 2026, https://kurd-online.com/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A7/, accessed 28 May 2026

Kurd Online, رايتس مونيتور: اعتقال مواطنين كرديين في الرقة وسط غموض حول مصيرهما وتصاعد المخاوف من انتهاكات بحق السكان الكرد [Rights Monitor: Two Kurdish citizens arrested in Raqqa amid uncertainty about their fate and escalating fears of abuses against the Kurdish population], 20 April 2026, https://kurd-online.com/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%81/, accessed 28 May 2026

Kurd Online, مقتل إسماعيل الكردي تحت التعذيب في الرقة بعد يوم من اعتقاله يسلّط الضوء على تصاعد الانتهاكات بحق الأكراد [The killing of Ismail al-Kurdi under torture in Raqqa, a day after his arrest, highlights the escalating violations against Kurds], 1 May 2026, https://kurd-online.com/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1/, accessed 28 May 2026

Kurdish Peace Institute, YPJ Integration: What are the Obstacles, 26 February 2026, https://www.kurdishpeace.org/research/security-and-defense/ypj-integration-what-are-the-obstacles/, accessed 17 June 2026

Kurdistan24, ISIS Claims Deadly Attack on Syrian Security Patrol in Idlib Province, 15 December 2025, https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/881520/isis-claims-deadly-attack-on-syrian-security-patrol-in-idlib-province, accessed 28 May 2026

Kurdistan24, Israel Strikes Military Targets in Southern Syria Amid Calls for Demilitarization, 26 February 2025, https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/826935/israel-strikes-military-targets-in-southern-syria-amid-calls-for-demilitarization, accessed 28 May 2026

Kurdistan24, Syria Begins Integrating Kobani's Asayish Forces into Interior Ministry as Siege and Humanitarian Crisis Persist, 27 February 2026, https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/896696/syria-begins-integrating-kobanis-asayish-forces-into-interior-ministry-as-siege-and-humanitarian-crisis-persist, accessed 28 May 2026

Le Monde diplomatique, Syria’s new leaders keep Russia in play, December 2025, https://mondediplo.com/2025/12/05syria-russia, accessed 28 May 2026

Le Monde, Syria: Little-known jihadist group claims Damascus church attack, 24 June 2025, https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/06/24/syria-little-known-jihadist-group-claims-damascus-church-attack_6742680_4.html, accessed 28 May 2026

Levant24, Major Mine Clearance Launched in Damascus Neighborhood, 27 January 2026, https://levant24.com/news/2026/01/major-mine-clearance-launched-in-damascus-neighborhood/, accessed 28 May 2026

Levant24, Syrian Security Stops Alleged Hezbollah Terror Attack in Damascus, 12 April 2026, https://levant24.com/news/2026/04/syrian-security-stops-alleged-hezbollah-terror-attack-in-damascus/, accessed 28 May 2026

Levy, I., Supporting the SDF in Post-Assad Syria, TWI (The Washington Institute for Near East Policy), 13 December 2024, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/pdf/view/19100/en, accessed 28 May 2026

Lister, C., Data Update (December 30, 2025-January 6, 2026), Syria Weekly, 8 January 2026, https://www.syriaweekly.com/p/data-update-december-30-2025-january, accessed 28 May 2026

Lister, C., Data Update (November 25-December 2), Syria Weekly, 5 December 2025, https://www.syriaweekly.com/p/data-update-november-25-december, accessed 28 May 2026

Lister, C., Data Update (October 14-28, 2025), Syria Weekly, 30 October 2025, https://www.syriaweekly.com/p/data-update-october-14-28-2025, accessed 17 June 2026

Lister, C., How Israel-Backed Sweida Became Syria’s Narcotics Capital, New Lines Magazine, 19 May 2026, https://newlinesmag.com/argument/how-israel-backed-sweida-became-syrias-narcotics-capital/, accessed 17 June 2026

Lister, C., Syria Data Update (April 14-28, 2026), Syria Weekly, 29 April 2026, https://www.syriaweekly.com/p/syria-data-update-april-14-28-2026, accessed 28 May 2026

Lister, C., Syria Weekly Conflict & Security: December 9-30, Syria Weekly, 2025, 30 December 2025, https://www.syriaweekly.com/p/syria-weekly-conflict-and-security, accessed 28 May 2026

Lister, C., Syria Weekly: January 20-27, 2026, Syria Weekly, 27 January 2026, https://www.syriaweekly.com/p/syria-weekly-january-20-27-2026, accessed 28 May 2026

Lister, C., Syria Weekly: January 6-13, 2026, Syria Weekly, 13 January 2026, https://www.syriaweekly.com/p/syria-weekly-january-6-13-2026, accessed 28 May 2026

Lister, C., Syria Weekly: March 17-24, 2026, Syria Weekly, 24 March 2026, https://www.syriaweekly.com/p/syria-weekly-march-17-24-2026, accessed 28 May 2026

Lister, C., Syria Weekly: November 11-18, 2025, Syria Weekly, 11 November 2025, https://www.syriaweekly.com/p/syria-weekly-november-11-18-2025, accessed 28 May 2026

Lister, C., Syria Weekly: October 21-28, Syria Weekly, 28 October 2025, https://www.syriaweekly.com/p/syria-weekly-october-21-28, accessed 28 May 2026

Lister, C., Syria Weekly: October 28 - November 11, Syria Weekly, 11 November 2025, https://www.syriaweekly.com/p/free-syria-weekly-october-28-november, accessed 28 May 2026

Lister, C., Syria Weekly: September 23-29, 2025, Syria Weekly, 30 September 2025, https://www.syriaweekly.com/p/syria-weekly-september-23-29-2025, accessed 17 June 2026

Médecins du Monde Türkiye, Multisectoral Needs Assessment Report - Deir Ezzor Governorate, Northeast Syria (March 2026), 14 April 2026, available at: https://reliefweb.int/attachments/fbdaf63a-09ea-4791-98e6-2f7c8175b595/Deir_Ezzor_MSNA_DDD_pdf.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

Media Line (The), Is New Syrian Faction Saraya al-Jawad Local, Proxy or Propaganda? Experts Weigh In, 9 October 2025, https://themedialine.org/top-stories/is-new-syrian-faction-saraya-al-jawad-local-proxy-or-propaganda-experts-weigh-in/, accessed 28 May 2026

Media Line (The), Syrian Forces Say They Broke Up Islamic State Cell Behind Attacks in Idlib, Aleppo, 17 December 2025, https://themedialine.org/mideast-daily-news/syrian-forces-say-they-broke-up-islamic-state-cell-behind-attacks-in-idlib-aleppo/, accessed 28 May 2026

Media Line (The), Syrian Insurgents Take Hama, Paving Way for Potential Advance on Homs, 5 December 2024, https://themedialine.org/headlines/syrian-insurgents-take-hama-paving-way-for-potential-advance-on-homs/, accessed 28 May 2026

MEE (Middle East Eye), ‘We got rid of a tyrant’: Syria’s tumultuous first year without Assad, 8 December 2025, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/we-got-rid-tyrant-syrias-tumultuous-first-year-without-assad, accessed 28 May 2026

MEE (Middle East Eye), Israel establishes 'sterile defence zone' inside Syrian territory as it continues air strikes, 10 December 2024, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syrian-media-says-israeli-army-within-25km-capital-damascus, accessed 28 May 2026

MEE (Middle East Eye), SDF reports 'intense clashes' as Syrian army advances in Aleppo and Raqqa, 17 January 2026, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sdf-reports-intense-clashes-syrian-army-advances-aleppo-raqqa, accessed 28 May 2026

MEE (Middle East Eye), Smart borders, military gates and land seizures: How Israel is encroaching in southern Syria, 5 May 2026, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/smart-borders-military-gates-land-seizure-Israel-encroachment-southern-syria, accessed 28 May 2026

MEE (Middle East Eye), Smart borders, military gates and land seizures: How Israel is encroaching in southern Syria, 5 May 2026, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/smart-borders-military-gates-land-seizure-Israel-encroachment-southern-syria, accessed 28 May 2026

MEE (Middle East Eye), Syrian government understating kidnappings of Alawite women: Report, 4 April 2026, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syrian-government-understating-kidnappings-alawite-women-report, accessed 17 June 2026

MEE (Middle East Eye), US military fully withdraws from Syria after 10 years, 16 April 2026, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/us-military-fully-withdraws-syria-after-10-years, accessed 28 May 2026

MEI (Middle East Institute), How Damascus and the SDF came to blows in Aleppo — and what might come next, 13 January 2026, https://mei.edu/publication/how-damascus-and-the-sdf-came-to-blows-in-aleppo-and-what-might-come-next/, accessed 28 May 2026

MEI (Middle East Institute), Integration or conflict in northeastern Syria? Ten key points to consider, 29 January 2026, https://mei.edu/publication/integration-or-conflict-in-northeastern-syria-ten-key-points-to-consider/, accessed 28 May 2026

MEI (Middle East Institute), ISIS is on the ropes in Syria. A successful transition in Damascus could deliver a knockout blow, 14 April 2025, https://mei.edu/publication/isis-ropes-syria-successful-transition-damascus-could-deliver-knockout-blow/, accessed 28 May 2026

MEI (Middle East Institute), Syria is stabilizing, but US help remains vital, 13 February 2026, https://mei.edu/publication/syria-is-stabilizing-but-us-help-remains-vital/, accessed 28 May 2026

MEI (Middle East Institute), Syria is stabilizing, but US help remains vital, 14 April 2026, https://mei.edu/publication/syria-is-stabilizing-but-us-help-remains-vital/, accessed 28 May 2026

MEI (Middle East Institute), Syria’s Path Toward Stabilization — and How the US Can Help, 17 February 2026, https://www.mei.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Lister-Policy-Memo-Syrias-Path-Toward-Stabilization-and-How-US-Can-Help.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

MEI (Middle East Institute), The Collapse of ISIS in Syria, 8 June 2026, https://mei.edu/publication/the-collapse-of-isis-in-syria/, accessed 17 June 2026

MEI (Middle East Institute), The growing threat of ISIS in Syria’s Badia, 17 April 2020, https://www.mei.edu/publications/growing-threat-isis-syrias-badia, accessed 28 May 2026

Meininghaus, E. and Yildirim-Schlüsing, C., Effects of the Israel-Gaza War on Syria: Multiple New Fronts, LSE (London School of Economics and Political Science) Middle East Centre [Blog], 11 September 2024, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2024/09/11/effects-of-the-israel-gaza-war-on-syria-multiple-new-fronts/, accessed 28 May 2026

MEO (Middle East Online), Thousands of foreign fighters pose crucial test for Syria’s new leadership, 8 June 2026, https://middle-east-online.com/en/thousands-foreign-fighters-pose-crucial-test-syria%E2%80%99s-new-leadership, accessed 17 June 2026

Middle East Council on Global Affairs, How Damascus Reclaimed Syria’s Northeast, and What Integration Now Means, 4 February 2026, https://mecouncil.org/blog_posts/syria-sdf-integration-agreement-2026-analysis/, accessed 28 May 2026

Mine Action AoR (Area of Responsibility), Syria, 2025 – A Year in Review, Situation Update No.6, 8 December 2025, available at: https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c8f2e60c-69da-44e9-a27d-05cab666b239/Syria Mine Action AoR Situation Update No.6-A YEAR IN REVIEW.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

Mine Action AoR (Area of Responsibility), Syria, Situation Update No.7, December 2025 - March 2026, 16 March 2026, available at: https://reliefweb.int/attachments/8302bd76-7811-4fcd-b443-6eb4337b9c01/Syria MA AoR SitRep No7.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

Mine Action AoR, Syria, Situation Update No. 5, 15 October 2025, available at: https://reliefweb.int/attachments/241e685e-12c7-4fde-8152-9fb47f22f91b/Syria Mine Action AoR SitRep No.5.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

Ministry of Local Administration and Environment, وزارة الإدارة المحلية والبيئة تنشر التقرير الختامي لتقييم أضرار محافظة حلب, [Ministry of Local Administration and Environment published report, Final assessment of damages in Aleppo Governorate], 30 March 2026, https://molae.gov.sy/news/%d9%88%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%b4%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84/, accessed 28 May 2026

Montag, S. and Hammoud, H., Despite Calls for Calm, the Violence in Sweida Shows No Sign of Ending, New Lines Magazine, 18 July 2025, https://newlinesmag.com/spotlight/despite-calls-for-calm-the-violence-in-sweida-shows-no-sign-of-ending/, accessed 28 May 2026

MSF (Médecins Sans Frontières), Shifting healthcare needs in Syria, 24 March 2026, https://www.msf-me.org/media-centre/news-and-stories/shifting-healthcare-needs-syria, accessed 28 May 2026

MSF (Médecins Sans Frontières), What does Syria look like a year since the fall of Assad?, 11 December 2025, https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/what-does-syria-look-year-fall-assad, accessed 28 May 2026

Nair, A., Life Under Israeli Occupation in Syria’s Quneitra, New Lines Magazine, 21 April 2026, https://newlinesmag.com/spotlight/life-under-israeli-occupation-in-syrias-quneitra/, accessed 28 May 2026

National (The), ‘What ceasefire?’: Kobani residents face siege and shortages as flimsy Syria truce holds, 28 January 2026, https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2026/01/28/what-ceasefire-kobani-residents-face-siege-and-shortages-as-flimsy-syria-truce-holds/, accessed 28 May 2026

National (The), Grenade attack kills Syrian cleric near Sayyida Zaynab shrine in Damascus, 1 May 2026, https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2026/05/01/grenade-attack-kills-syrian-cleric-near-sayyida-zaynab-shrine-in-damascus/, accessed 17 June 2026

National (The), Syria arrests armed Uzbek fighters after stand-off in Idlib, 6 May 2026, https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2026/05/06/syria-arrests-armed-uzbeks-after-stand-off-in-idlib/, accessed 28 May 2026

Netherlands, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, General Country of Origin Information Report on Syria, 30 January 2026, https://www.government.nl/site/binaries/site-content/collections/documents/2026/01/30/general-country-of-origin-information-report-on-syria-january-2026/COI+report+on+Syria+-+January+2026.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

New Arab (The), Clashes erupt in Suweida between Syrian forces and Druze militia, 4 May 2026, https://www.newarab.com/news/clashes-erupt-suweida-between-syrian-forces-and-druze-militia, accessed 17 June 2026

New Arab (The), Clashes erupt near Syria's Tishrin Dam as Turkish-backed SNA and Kurdish-led SDF battle for control, 26 December 2024, https://www.newarab.com/news/syrias-tishrin-dam-sees-fierce-clashes-between-sna-and-sdf, accessed 28 May 2026

New Arab (The), Druze poet killed in Syria's Suweida after criticising local militias, 16 December 2025, https://www.newarab.com/news/druze-poet-killed-syrias-suweida-after-criticising-militias

New Arab (The), Every step could be their last as Syrian children navigate mine-contaminated land, 7 April 2026, https://www.newarab.com/features/syrian-children-face-deadly-legacy-mine-contaminated-land, accessed 28 May 2026

New Arab (The), 'Every step is a confrontation with death': On the frontlines with Syrian women clearing landmines to reclaim their homeland, 18 November 2025, https://www.newarab.com/features/syrian-women-brave-landmine-clearance-save-their-homeland, accessed 28 May 2026

New Arab (The), Exclusive: Russia reinforces Qamishli airport base amid Syrian govt advances against SDF, 23 January 2026, https://www.newarab.com/news/exclusive-russia-reinforces-qamishli-airport-base-syria, accessed 28 May 2026

New Arab (The), Homs: A stability test that Syria's new authorities are failing, 4 December 2025, https://www.newarab.com/analysis/homs-stability-test-syrias-new-authorities-are-failing, accessed 28 May 2026

New Arab (The), How attacks on a Christian town test Syria's postwar cohesion, 2 April 2026, https://www.newarab.com/analysis/how-attacks-christian-town-test-syrias-postwar-cohesion, accessed 28 May 2026

New Arab (The), How Syria's tribes turned the tide against the SDF, 28 January 2026, https://www.newarab.com/analysis/how-syrias-tribes-turned-tide-against-sdf, accessed 28 May 2026

New Arab (The), Is an Assadist insurgency emerging on the Syrian coast?, 1 October 2025, https://www.newarab.com/analysis/assadist-insurgency-emerging-syrian-coast, accessed 28 May 2026

New Arab (The), Islamic State claims responsibility for assassination of Shia cleric in Syria, 8 May 2026, https://www.newarab.com/news/claims-responsibility-killing-shia-cleric-syria, accessed 17 June 2026

New Arab (The), Israel kidnaps three people in latest raid on south Syria, 11 April 2026, https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-kidnaps-three-people-latest-raid-south-syria, accessed 28 May 2026

New Arab (The), Jordan strikes drug, weapons storage sites in Syria's Suweida province, 2 May 2026, https://www.newarab.com/news/jordan-strikes-drug-weapons-storage-sites-syrias-suweida, accessed 17 June 2026

New Arab (The), No exit in sight: Why Turkey is keeping troops in Syria and Iraq, 16 February 2026, https://www.newarab.com/analysis/no-exit-sight-why-turkey-keeping-troops-syria-and-iraq, accessed 28 May 2026

New Arab (The), Protection or partition? The future of Suweida and Syria's Druze, 22 January 2026, https://www.newarab.com/analysis/protection-or-partition-future-suweida-and-syrias-druze, accessed 17 June 2026

New Arab (The), Rival of Druze leader Hikmat al-Hiri gunned down in Syria's Suweida, 15 April 2026, https://www.newarab.com/news/rival-druze-leader-hikmat-al-hiri-gunned-down-suweida, accessed 17 June 2026

New Arab (The), Russia withdrawing troops from airport in northeast Syria, sources say, 26 January 2026, https://www.newarab.com/news/russia-withdrawing-troops-airport-northeast-syria, accessed 28 May 2026

New Arab (The), SDF begins removing checkpoints in Hasakah, handing over prisons to Syrian government, 20 April 2026, https://www.newarab.com/news/sdf-begins-removing-checkpoints-handing-over-prisons-hasakah, accessed 28 May 2026

New Arab (The), Second Druze cleric dies after detention in Suweida, local reports say, 3 December 2025, https://www.newarab.com/news/second-druze-cleric-dies-after-detention-suweida-reports, accessed 17 June 2026

New Arab (The), Sheikh Raed al-Mutni 'dies in detention' amid intra-Druze Suweida tensions, 2 December 2025, https://www.newarab.com/news/druze-sheikh-raed-al-mutni-dies-detention-suweida, accessed 17 June 2026

New Arab (The), Syria extends curfew in Homs after murder, sectarian violence, 24 November 2025, https://www.newarab.com/news/syria-extends-curfew-homs-after-murder-sectarian-violence, accessed 28 May 2026

New Arab (The), Syria government-SDF clash on first anniversary of rebel offensive that toppled Assad, 27 November 2025, https://www.newarab.com/news/syria-government-sdf-clash-1st-anniversary-rebel-offensive, accessed 17 June 2026

New Arab (The), Syria reaches truce with French-led militant group in Idlib, 24 October 2025, https://www.newarab.com/news/syria-reaches-truce-french-led-militant-group-idlib, accessed 28 May 2026

New Arab (The), Syria regime appoints notorious Suheil Hassan as head of special forces, 10 April 2024, https://www.newarab.com/news/syria-regime-appoints-suheil-hassan-special-forces-head, accessed 17 June 2026

New Arab (The), Syrians fear Israel building military base after Quneitra incursions, 19 April 2026, https://www.newarab.com/news/syrians-fear-israel-building-base-after-quneitra-incursions, accessed 28 May 2026

New Arab (The), Syria's Latakia villages struggle against unexploded mines and other war remnants, 19 March 2026, https://www.newarab.com/news/unexploded-mines-still-haunt-syrias-latakia-villages, accessed 28 May 2026

New Arab (The), What happened to the dozens of Syrians detained and forcibly disappeared by Israeli forces?, 13 February 2026, https://www.newarab.com/news/what-happened-syrians-detained-and-disappeared-israel, accessed 17 June 2026

New York Times (The), As People Are Abducted on Unpatrolled Streets, Syrians Demand Better Protection, 10 March 2025, available by subscription at: https://www.dowjones.com/professional/factiva/, accessed 28 May 2026

New York Times (The), In Syria, Kidnappings of Women and Girls Fuel a Minority Group’s Fears, 3 April 2026, available by subscription at: https://www.dowjones.com/professional/factiva/, accessed 17 June 2026

New York Times (The), Ousted and in Exile, Generals Secretly Plot Insurgency in Syria, 24 December 2025, available by subscription at: https://www.dowjones.com/professional/factiva/, accessed 28 May 2026

New York Times (The), Syria, in Ruins, 19 January 2026, https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/19/world/europe/syria-aleppo-damascus-damage-reconstruction.html, accessed 28 May 2026

New York Times (The), Syrian Military Takes Aleppo Neighborhoods After Clashes With Kurds, 11 January 2026, available by subscription at: https://www.dowjones.com/professional/factiva/, accessed 28 May 2026

Nordic Monitor, Turkey admits military support of Syria’s new Islamist rulers while refusing to pull troops from Iraq, Syria, 2 March 2026, https://nordicmonitor.com/2026/03/turkey-admits-military-support-of-syrias-new-islamist-rulers-while-refusing-to-pull-troops-from-iraq-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

NPA (North Press Agency), Syrian Army takes over al-Tanf base in South, 12 February 2026, https://npasyria.com/en/135535/, accessed 28 May 2026

NPA (North Press Agency), Turkish drone strikes hit Syria’s Hasakah amid escalating attacks, 19 January 2025, https://npasyria.com/en/121135/, accessed 28 May 2026

NPA (North Press Agency), Two attacks target government forces in Deir ez-Zor, 11 March 2026, https://npasyria.com/en/136125/, accessed 28 May 2026

NPA (North Press Agency), Two government soldiers killed in attack in Aleppo countryside, 6 March 2026, https://npasyria.com/en/136012/, accessed 28 May 2026

NPR (National Public Radio), Druze militias are suspicious of Syria's new leaders — and are ready to go to battle, 12 April 2025, https://www.npr.org/2025/04/09/g-s1-58707/syria-druze-militias, accessed 28 May 2026

NPR (National Public Radio), The foreign fighters who helped topple Assad — and why China worries about them, 19 May 2026, https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2026/05/npr-20000-uyghurs-live-in-syria/, accessed 17 June 2026

OHCHR (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights), Human rights update on Syria, 28 April 2026, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-briefing-notes/2026/04/human-rights-update-syria, accessed 28 May 2026

OHCHR (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights), UN Syria Commission of Inquiry welcomes new ceasefire and calls for continuing efforts to protect civilians and prevent violations in northeast Syria, 30 January 2026, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2026/01/un-syria-commission-inquiry-welcomes-new-ceasefire-and-calls-continuing, accessed 12 June 2026

OHCHR (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights), UN Syria Commission releases report on July massacres and other grave violations committed in Suwayda and calls for expanded accountability measures, 27 March 2026, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2026/03/un-syria-commission-releases-report-july-massacres-and-other-grave, accessed 17 June 2026

OSES (UN Office of the Special Envoy for Syria), Deputy Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Syria – Claudio Cordone – Briefing to the Security Council, 15 May 2026, https://reliefweb.int/attachments/6c0ab1b3-fe4e-4c6d-8a06-8e54899d1906/2026-05-15%20SECCO%20UN%20Deputy%20Special%20Envoy%20for%20Syria%20Briefing%20as%20Delivered.pdf, accessed 17 June 2026

Protection Sector Syria, Syria Protection Sector Update #3 - Sweida Situation, 19 September 2025, https://globalprotectioncluster.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/sweida_syria_protection_sector_update3_september_2025_final.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

Qantara, "Debris isn't waste", 29 October 2025, https://qantara.de/en/article/reconstruction-syria-debris-isnt-waste, accessed 28 May 2026

Reuters, Islamic State claims two attacks on Syrian army, announces ‘new phase’ of operations, 21 February 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/islamic-state-claims-two-attacks-syrian-army-announces-new-phase-operations-2026-02-21/, accessed 28 May 2026

Reuters, Islamic State claims two attacks on Syrian army, announces ‘new phase’ of operations, 21 February 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/islamic-state-claims-two-attacks-syrian-army-announces-new-phase-operations-2026-02-21/, accessed 17 June 2026

Reuters, Syrian forces detain Uzbek fighters in security sweep, 6 May 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/syrian-forces-detain-uzbek-fighters-security-sweep-2026-05-06/, accessed 28 May 2026

Reuters, Syrian forces massacred 1,500 Alawites. The chain of command led to Damascus., 1 July 2025, https://www.reuters.com/investigations/syrian-forces-massacred-1500-alawites-chain-command-led-damascus-2025-06-30/, accessed 28 May 2026

Reuters, Syrian government forces and Druze factions exchange prisoners in Sweida, 26 February 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrian-government-forces-druze-factions-exchange-prisoners-sweida-2026-02-26/, accessed 28 May 2026

Reuters, Syrian government forces and Druze factions exchange prisoners in Sweida, 26 February 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrian-government-forces-druze-factions-exchange-prisoners-sweida-2026-02-26/, accessed 17 June 2026

Reuters, Syrian government, Kurds agree integration deal, US hails 'historic milestone', 30 January 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrian-kurdish-led-sdf-agree-ceasefire-phased-integration-deal-with-government-2026-01-30/, accessed 28 May 2026

Reuters, Syrian security deploy in key Kurdish city under US-backed deal, 3 February 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrian-security-convoy-heads-key-kurdish-city-under-us-backed-deal-2026-02-03/, accessed 28 May 2026

Reuters, Syrian security forces use gunfire to disperse rival protests in Alawite heartland, 25 November 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrian-security-forces-use-gunfire-disperse-rival-protests-alawite-heartland-2025-11-25/, accessed 17 June 2026

Reuters, Syrian soldier killed, 18 people wounded by car bomb in Damascus, 19 May 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/device-explodes-outside-damascus-armament-management-centre-source-says-2026-05-19/, accessed 17 June 2026

RIC (Rojava Information Center), North and East Syria Post-Assad: Challenges and Opportunities, December 2025, https://rojavainformationcenter.org/2025/12/north-and-east-syria-post-assad-challenges-and-opportunities/, accessed 15 June 2026

Rodgers, W.M., What recent developments in Syria mean for the Kurds, Chatham House, 10 February 2026, https://www.chathamhouse.org/2026/02/what-recent-developments-syria-mean-kurds, accessed 28 May 2026

Rose, C., Illicit economies play big role in Syria’s post-Assad flashpoints, Al Majalla, 2 August 2025, https://en.majalla.com/node/326719/politics/illicit-economies-play-big-role-syria%E2%80%99s-post-assad-flashpoints, accessed 28 May 2026

Rudaw, Five Kurdish security forces killed by ISIS in northeast Syria: War monitor, 15 July 2025, https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/140720251, accessed 28 May 2026

Rudaw, Senior Kurdish official says integration process with Damascus moving ‘slowly’, 20 April 2026, https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/200420261, accessed 28 May 2026

Rudaw, Suspected ISIS attack kills four members of security forces in Syria’s Raqqa, 23 February 2026, https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/230220262, accessed 28 May 2026

Rudaw, Syrian authorities appoint security chiefs in 12 provinces, Rojava chiefly excluded, 25 May 2025, https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/250520253, accessed 28 May 2026

RUSI (Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies), Russia’s Enduring Grip on Syria, 11 November 2025, https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/russias-enduring-grip-syria, accessed 28 May 2026

SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency), Armed militia abducts and tortures to death Sheikh Raed al-Matani in Sweida, 2 December 2025, https://sana.sy/en/syria/2281245/, accessed 28 May 2026

SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency), Homs City Council launches rubble-clearing campaign in damaged neighborhoods, 2 February 2026, https://sana.sy/en/syria/2293777/, accessed 28 May 2026

SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency), Interior Ministry has created a new structure that relies on good governance and institutional work, ensuring the rule of law and security, 24 May 2025, https://sana.sy/en/syria/356819/, accessed 28 May 2026

SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency), ISF arrest members of a dangerous ISIS-affiliated cell in Latakia, 24 November 2025, https://sana.sy/en/syria/2279810/, accessed 28 May 2026

SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency), One killed, another injured in landmine blast near Palmyra, 17 February 2026, https://sana.sy/en/syria/2297460/, accessed 28 May 2026

SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency), Over 4,000 Landmines Cleared in Palmyra, Says Defense Official, 23 October 2025, https://sana.sy/en/syria/2273940/, accessed 28 May 2026

SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency), Sweida governor denies siege claims, confirms that supplies are entering normally, 22 February 2026, https://sana.sy/en/syria/2298118/, accessed 28 May 2026

SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency), Syria arrests ISIS military leader in joint security operation, 9 January 2026, https://sana.sy/en/syria/2289530/, accessed 28 May 2026

SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency), Syria takes control of al-Tanf base from U.S. forces, 12 February 2026, https://sana.sy/en/politics/2296267/, accessed 28 May 2026

SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency), Syrian Intelligence Dismantles ISIS Cell in Damascus Countryside, 30 December 2025, https://sana.sy/en/politics/2273023/, accessed 28 May 2026

SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency), Syrian Justice Ministry Refers Suweida’s “Supreme Legal Committee” Judges for Investigation, The Syrian Observer, 8 August 2025, https://syrianobserver.com/syrian-actors/syrian-justice-ministry-refers-suweidas-supreme-legal-committee-judges-for-investigation.html, accessed 28 May 2026

SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency), Syrian security forces arrest 12 ISIS members in eastern Syria, 15 March 2026, https://sana.sy/en/syria/2303012/, accessed 28 May 2026

SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency), Syrian security forces dismantle ISIS cells in Idleb countryside, 1 December 2025, https://sana.sy/en/syria/2280863/, accessed 28 May 2026

SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency), Terms of the Ceasefire and Integration Agreement between Syria and SDF, 18 January 2026, https://sana.sy/en/syria/2291194/, accessed 28 May 2026

SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency), Three Syrian Soldiers Injured While Clearing Mines in Homs and Hama Countryside, 30 December 2025, https://sana.sy/en/syria/2274728/, accessed 28 May 2026

SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency), Two killed, three wounded in shooting in Hama province, 20 December 2025, https://sana.sy/en/syria/2284688/, accessed 28 May 2026

SARD, UXO Challenge in Syria and Awareness Campaign, 5 March 2026, https://www.sardngo.org/blog/uxo-challenge, accessed 28 May 2026

SARI Global, Southern Syria Under Pressure: Israeli Operations, Civilian Dynamics, and Emerging Risk Trajectories, 2 April 2026, available at: https://reliefweb.int/attachments/22369373-f024-49b4-aad3-7aedde71b82d/SITREP%3B Southern Syria Under Pressure - Israeli Operations%2C Civilian Dynamics%2C and Emerging Risk Trajectories.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SARI Global, Syrian Government Raid on Foreign Fighters in al-Fardan, 22 October 2025, available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/syrian-government-raid-foreign-fighters-al-fardan-october-22-2025, accessed 28 May 2026

Schmidinger T., Kurdish Autonomy in Northern and Eastern Syria Is Under Threat, Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, 23 January 2026, https://www.rosalux.de/en/news/id/54313/kurdish-autonomy-in-northern-and-eastern-syria-is-under-threat, accessed 28 May 2026

Security Council Report, December 2025 Monthly Forecast: Syria, 30 November 2025, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2025-12/syria-86.php, accessed 17 June 2026

Security Council Report, February 2026 Monthly Forecast – Syria, 1 February 2026, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2026-02/syria-88.php, accessed 28 May 2026

Security Council Report, May 2026 Monthly Forecast – Syria, 1 May 2026, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2026-05/syria-91.php, accessed 28 May 2026

Security Council Report, Syria August 2025 Monthly Forecast – Syria, 30 July 2025, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2025-08/syria-82.php, accessed 28 May 2026

Security Council Report, Syria: Briefing and Consultations, 20 August 2025, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2025/08/syria-briefing-and-consultations-15.php, accessed 28 May 2026

Shafaq News, ISIS claims attacks in Syria’s Raqqa and Deir ez-Zor, 18 April 2026, https://shafaq.com/en/Middle-East/ISIS-claims-attacks-in-Syria-s-Raqqa-and-Deir-ez-Zor, accessed 28 May 2026

Shafaq News, Israeli forces raid village in Syria's Daraa, 15 November 2025, https://shafaq.com/en/Middle-East/Israeli-activity-surges-in-southern-Syria-in-early-November, accessed 28 May 2026

Shafaq News, Kurdish women's force demands integration into Syria's new army, 1 June 2026, https://www.shafaq.com/en/Middle-East/Kurdish-women-s-force-demands-integration-into-Syria-s-new-army, accessed 17 June 2026

Shafaq News, Syria accuses Hezbollah in foiled Damascus bombing, 11 April 2026, https://shafaq.com/en/Middle-East/Syria-accuses-Hezbollah-in-foiled-Damascus-bombing, accessed 28 May 2026

Shafaq News, Syria begins joint administration of Semalka crossing with Kurdistan Region, 15 April 2026, https://shafaq.com/en/Middle-East/Syria-begins-joint-administration-of-Semalka-crossing-with-Kurdistan-Region, accessed 28 May 2026

Shafaq News, Syria names new Hasakah Security Chief after SDF deal, 30 January 2026, https://shafaq.com/en/Middle-East/Syria-names-new-Hasakah-Security-Chief-after-SDF-deal, accessed 28 May 2026

Shafaq News, Syrian Observatory: Three Alawites killed, homes burned in Latakia raids, 6 June 2025, https://shafaq.com/en/Middle-East/Syrian-Observatory-Three-Alawites-killed-homes-burned-in-Latakia-raids, accessed 28 May 2026

Shahin, K., In Homs, Revenge Is the Only Law Left Standing, New Lines Magazine, 25 November 2025, https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/in-homs-revenge-is-the-only-law-left-standing/, accessed 28 May 2026

Shtuni, A., From Insurgency to Statecraft: Al-Sharaa and Syria’s Foreign Fighters Test, in: CTC Sentinel, 19 February 2026, https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/CTC-SENTINEL-022026_cover-article.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SIRAJ (Syrian Investigative Reporting for Accountability Journalism), Secret maps left behind by Assad’s army reveal the locations of minefields in the Latakia countryside, 7 April 2026, https://sirajsy.net/secret-maps-left-behind-by-assads-army-reveal-the-locations-of-minefields-in-the-latakia-countryside/, accessed 28 May 2026

SJAC (Syria Justice and Accountability Centre), The Syrian Government Must Investigate the Targeting of Alawite Civilians in Homs, 13 May 2025, https://syriaaccountability.org/the-syrian-government-must-investigate-the-targeting-of-alawite-civilians-in-homs/, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), 1,264 Civilian Deaths, Including 242 Children and 118 Women, as well as 86 Deaths due to Torture, Documented in Syria in 2024, 2 January 2025, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/M251101E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), 1,562 Deaths, Including 102 Children and 99 Women, as well as 33 Medical Personnel, Recorded in March 2025 in Syria, 9 April 2025, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/M250401E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), 222 Civilian Deaths, Including 17 Children and 37 Women, as well as Nine Deaths due to Torture, Recorded in February 2025 in Syria, 1 March 2025, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/M250301E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), 236 Civilian Deaths, Including 32 Children and 18 Women, as well as One Woman’s Death due to Torture, Documented in Syria in January 2025, 21 Civilians Were Killed by SDF, 1 February 2025, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/M250201E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), 803 Individuals Extrajudicially Killed Between March 6-10, 2025, 11 March 2025, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/R250305E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), Ammar Taqala was killed by a landmine explosion, a remnant of the conflict, in the Badia region of Hama Governorate on April 27, 2026., 29 April 2026, https://news.snhr.org/2026/04/29/ammar-taqala-was-killed-by-a-landmine-explosion-a-remnant-of-the-conflict-in-the-badia-region-of-hama-governorate-on-april-27-2026/, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), At least 1,108 Cases of Arbitrary Arrest and Detention Recorded in 2025, of which 52 were Recorded in December, 3 January 2026, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/M260102E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), At least 141 Cases of Arbitrary Arrest and Detention Recorded in November 2025, 2 December 2025, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/M251202E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), At least 197 Cases of Arbitrary Arrest and Detention Recorded in October 2025, 2 November 2025, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/M251102E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), Boy killed, girl injured by a landmine in Idlib, April 23, 2025, 25 April 2025, https://news.snhr.org/2025/04/25/boy-killed-girl-injured-by-a-landmine-in-idlib-april-23-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), data covering from 1 October 2025 to 31 May 2026 provided by courtesy of SNHR in an email, 1 June 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), Deadly Legacy: The Explosive Remnants of War in Syria, 25 February 2026, https://snhr.org/blog/2026/02/25/deadly-legacy-the-explosive-remnants-o…, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), Documentation of the Killing of At Least 22 Civilians, Mostly by Snipers, at the Hands of the SDF in Raqqa Governorate on January 18, 23 January 2026, https://snhr.org/?p=77829, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), Israeli ground incursions continue in southern Syria Amid Escalating Violations against Civilians, 8 July 2025, https://snhr.org/blog/2025/07/08/israeli-ground-incursions-continue-in-southern-syria-amid-escalating-violations-against-civilians/, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), No less than 210 Cases of Arbitrary Arrests and Detentions in the First Quarter of 2026, 5 April 2026, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/M260102E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), On the International Day for Mine Awareness: Documenting the deaths of at least 3,799 civilians from landmines and cluster munitions in Syria, March 2011 – April 2026, 4 April 2026, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/R260403E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), Preliminary Report on the Violations that Took Place in the Wake of the Attacks Carried Out by Non-State Armed Groups Linked to the Assad Regime, Mostly in the Governorates of Latakia, Tartus, and Hama, 11 March 2025, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/R250305E-1.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), Quarterly Report on Cased of Arbitrary Arrest and Detention in Syria, 5 April 2026, https://snhr.org/blog/2026/04/05/quarterly-report-on-cased-of-arbitrary-arrest-and-detention-in-syria/, accessed 17 June 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), Statement on the Bombing of Mar Elias Church in Damascus: The Need to Protect the Crime Scene - SNHR Condemns the Suicide Attack that Targeted the Church Causing a Massacre that Claimed the Lives of 25 Civilians and Injured 63 Others in a Preliminary Toll, 23 June 2025, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/S250626E-1.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), The child Ismail Fleij was killed by a cluster bomb explosion, a remnant of the conflict, in the Al-Sukhnah desert in the Homs countryside on April 27, 2026., 28 April 2026, https://news.snhr.org/2026/04/28/the-child-ismail-fleij-was-killed-by-a-cluster-bomb-explosion-a-remnant-of-the-conflict-in-the-al-sukhnah-desert-in-the-homs-countryside-on-april-27-2026/, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), The Death of 157 Civilian Including 20 Children and 11 Women, and One Death due to Torture Recorded in May 2025, 1 June 2025, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/M250601E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), The Death of 174 Civilian Including 23 Children and 13 Women, and 5 Deaths due to Torture Recorded in April 2025 in Syria, 2 May 2025, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/M250501E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), The Death of 2818 Civilians Including 201 Children and 194 Women, and 17 Deaths due to Torture Recorded in the First Half of 2025, 3 July 2025, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/M250701E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), The Death of 3666 Individuals Including 328 Children and 312 Women, and 32 Deaths due to Torture Recorded in the year 2025 in Syria, 1 January 2026, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/M260101E-2.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), The Death of 66 Civilians Including Nine Children and Seven Women, and Three Deaths due to Torture Recorded in October 2025, 1 November 2025, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/M251101E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), The Death of 70 Civilians Including Seven Children and Three Women, and Three Deaths due to Torture Recorded in September 2025 in Syria, 1 October 2025, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/M251001E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), The Death of 73 Civilians Including 12 Children and Six Women, and Two Deaths due to Torture Recorded in November 2025, 1 December 2025, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/M251201E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), The Death of 89 Civilians Including 13 Children and 10 Women, and One Death due to Torture Recorded July 2025 in Syria, 1 August 2025, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/M250801E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), The Death of 91 Civilians Including 18 Children and Five Women, and Four Deaths due to Torture Recorded August 2025 in Syria, 1 September 2025, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/M250901E-1.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), The Fifteenth Annual Report on Human Rights Situation in Syria 2025, 26 March 2026, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/R260303E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), The Killing of 268 Civilians in the First Quarter of 2026 in Syria, including 43 Children, 27 Women, and 1 person due to torture was Documented, 1 April 2026, https://snhr.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/M260401E.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), Three children were killed by a landmine explosion in the Tal Salma area of Hama Governorate on April 13, 2026., 14 April 2026, https://news.snhr.org/2026/04/14/three-children-were-killed-by-a-landmine-explosion-in-the-tal-salma-area-of-hama-governorate-on-april-13-2026/, accessed 28 May 2026

SNHR (Syrian Network for Human Rights), Three civilians injured by a landmine explosion in the Al-Abbasiya area, south of Palmyra, Homs countryside, on November 7, 2025, 10 November 2025, https://news.snhr.org/2025/11/10/three-civilians-injured-by-a-landmine-explosion-in-the-al-abbasiya-area-south-of-palmyra-homs-countryside-on-november-7-2025/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), 12 killed and injured | Civilians fleeing from Al-Raqqa towards Al-Hasakah targeted by gunshots, 18 January 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/376588/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), 48 hours after being arrested | Kurdish civilian killed under brutal torturing in prisons of Syrian Interim Government in Al-Raqqa, 1 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381724/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Accused of “dealing with SDF” | Six Kurdish young men arrested in Al-Raqqah, 16 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381155/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Accused of “pledging allegiance to SDF” | Three Kurdish civilians arrested in Al-Raqqah, 4 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381859/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Affected by his injuries | Officer of Defence Ministry dies following attack by ISIS in Deir Ezzor desert, 17 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/382425/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), After breaking terms of decision | General Security targets oil refineries in Al-Jarzy Town in Deir Ezzor, 15 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/377849/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), After children tragedy | Mine car explodes leaving two killed and ten injured among engineering teams, 4 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380446/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), After having looted civilian properties in tens of villages | Turkish-backed factions dismantle Lafarge plant in Kobani countryside, 4 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/378764/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Al-Hasakah | Coalition shoots down drone attempting to attack Qasrek base, 4 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380433/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Al-Hasakah | The administration of Roj camp hands over four women and nine children of Australian nationality to Australian delegation, 25 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381464/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Al-Raqqah | Tension grows in Ain Issa countryside and clashes and threats target Kurdish residents, 25 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/379984/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Al-Suwaidaa | Accidental grenade explosion leaves civilian killed, 25 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/382479/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Ambush by ISIS | Member killed and another injured in western Hama countryside, 13 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380971/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Amid conflicting accusations | Person shot dead by unidentified gunmen in Hama, 30 October 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/372544/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Amid escalating security chaos | Fierce clashes erupt in Deir Ezzor countryside following rivalry over oil wells, 5 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/378880/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Amid insults and restrictions | Kurdish students deprived of their academic files in Al-Raqqah, 23 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381414/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Amid noticeable escalation of ISIS cells’ operations | Leaflets promising the return of “Islamic state” distributed in Idlib, 17 December 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/375033/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Amid subsiding violence in SDF-controlled areas | Six murder crimes documented in April, 30 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381736/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Amid urgent calls to restore security | Armed robberies and looting operations escalate in villages across Sahil Al-Ghab in western Hama countryside, 31 January 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/377137/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Arbitrary arrest | Two brothers arrested by “National Army” factions in Aleppo countryside, 12 December 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/374787/, accessed 15 June 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Arbitrary arrest of two Kurdish young men in Al-Raqqah raises concerns of escalating abuses, 17 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381175/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Armed attack | Member of 66th Division seriously injured in Deir Ezzor countryside, 17 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/379622/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Assassination | Defence Ministry member shot dead in Aleppo, 27 December 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/375594/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Assessing Israeli violations | UNDOF forces visit village in Daraa countryside, 7 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380611/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Believed to be Iranian | Coalition’s air defence systems shoots drone in Al-Hasakah countryside, 20 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/379785/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Believed to be Iranian: Missile remnants fall in Rif Dimashq, 23 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/379875/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Believed to be of ISIS cells | Unidentified gunmen attack checkpoint of internal security forces in eastern Deir Ezzor, 5 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/378830/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Believed to be of ISIS cells | Unidentified gunmen shoot dead member of Ministry of Defence in eastern Deir Ezzor, 6 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380531/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Blatant violations | Turkish-backed groups arrest ten civilians and seize farmlands in predominantly-Kurdish village in Al-Raqqah, 7 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/382017/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), By mistake | Young man killed with gunshot fired by mistake from his brother’s rifle in Hama countryside, 24 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/378296/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Ceasefire violations | Five civilians injured in indiscriminate bombardment on Al-Suwaidaa city, 4 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381851/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Civilian injured in Al-Hasakah | Number of injured people rises to five in explosions of war remnants in Al-Hasakah and Al-Raqqa, 28 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380145/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Claimed to be members of counter-narcotics service | Unidentified persons attack civilian in Deir Ezzor, 23 October 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/372095/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Clashes in western Al-Suwaidaa lead to power outage in Shahbaa and Al-Suwaidaa city, 19 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/379759/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Deir Ezzor | Adjacent attacks launched against security and military positions in Al-Bokamal, 24 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/378324/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Deir Ezzor | General Security detonates oil refineries in eastern countryside, 11 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/379316/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Deir Ezzor | Six people killed and injured in tribal infighting, 17 November 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/373546/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Deir Ezzor | Three tribal fighters killed in attack on SDF headquarters in Al-Suwar town in northern countryside, 18 January 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/376561/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Deir Ezzor | Two people injured in fire caused by unidentified people in oil well, 17 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/382445/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Demanding the control of weapons and the protection of civilians | People go out in protest in Hama, 13 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/377728/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Drone attack | Member of “SDF” killed and more than ten injured including civilians in Deir Ezzor, 9 October 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/371273/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Escalating violations in Al-Raqqah | Confiscation of Kurdish residents’ property and theft of their vehicles forces renewed displacement, 23 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381388/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Explosion of old landmine | Bodies of two civilians found after having been missed for ten days in Homs, 29 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380186/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Field mobilization | Patrol of UNDOF enters Al-Nasriya Village in Daraa, 28 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381645/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Following attack on the predominantly Christian Al-Suqaylabiyah city | Accusations of negligence target Internal Security Forces, 30 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380221/, accessed 17 June 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), For “belonging to SDF” | Two Kurdish young men arrested in Al-Raqqa, 1 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380308/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), For “dealing with SDF” | Two Kurdish people including a lawyer arrested in Al-Raqqa City, 3 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381833/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), For second consecutive day | Residents stage protest in Al-Hasakah, demanding YPJ integration into the Syrian army, 13 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/382280/, accessed 17 June 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Including a child | Three civilians killed and injured in explosion of war remnants in Daraa and Idlib, 16 January 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/376446/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Indiscriminate gunfire | Two persons injured in Al-Suwaidaa city, 12 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380887/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Integration file stalled | Dispute emerges between Ministry of Justice and AANES over running judicial affairs in Al-Qamishli, 20 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381323/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), International Committee of Red Cross assesses damage to Al-Darbasiyah power substation in Al-Hasakah countryside in preparation for repairs, 26 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/378399/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), ISIS attack | Civilian killed in eastern Deir Ezzor, 30 December 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/375746/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), ISIS claims responsibility for attack on bus of 64th Division in western Al-Hasakah, 12 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/382227/, accessed 17 June 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), ISIS new attack | Gunfire on SDF military post in southern Al-Hasakah, 12 September 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/369751/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), ISIS operations in April | Civilian among four persons killed and others injured in seven attacks in different Syria provinces, 1 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381747/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), ISIS resurgence |ISIS claims responsibility for two attacks in Al-Raqqa, 21 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/378178/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Military escalation | Israeli planes attack military positions in Homs and Latakia, 8 September 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/369614/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Military escalation | Two drones attack vicinity of checkpoint of “National Guards” in Al-Suwaidaa, 10 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/382137/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Military escalation | Violent clashes erupt between “National Guards” and government forces in Al-Suwaidaa, 9 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/382096/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Mostly children | Explosion of grenade leaves eight people dead and injured in Al-Suwaidaa, 25 January 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/376854/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), New assassination | Member of Ministry of Interior shot dead on Aleppo-Al-Bab highway, 26 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/378415/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), New murder crime | Civilian shot dead in Aleppo city, 7 October 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/371127/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), New tragedy | Two children die in explosion of landmine of war remnants in Al-Raqqa, 6 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380541/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Obstacles to return agreement in Ras Al-Ain | Displaced persons refuse to vacate land before harvest season, 13 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380924/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordinance | Civilian injured in explosion of landmine of war remnants in Al-Hasakah, 3 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/378700/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordinance | Civilian killed in Al-Hasakah countryside, 15 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/377816/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordinance | Four civilians injured in explosion of war remnants in Al-Hasakah and Manbij, 6 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/378929/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordinance | Mother and three of her children killed and little girl injured in Al-Hasakah countryside, 11 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/377635/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordinance | Three civilians killed in Al-Hasakah countryside, 4 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/377319/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordinance | Two young men injured in landmine explosion in Al-Hasakah, 23 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/378257/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordinance | Young man killed and child injured in explosion of war remnants in Al-Hasakah, 24 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381435/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Child and young man injured in Al-Raqqah and Hama countryside, 12 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/377671/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Child and young man injured in explosion of landmines in Daraa and Al-Raqqa, 27 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380095/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Child dies in landmine explosion in Deir Ezzor City, 13 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/382245/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Child injured in explosion of landmine of war remnants in Al-Raqqa, 6 December 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/374495/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Child killed in explosion of shell in Daraa countryside, 28 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381622/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Child Killed in Hama desert, 16 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/382383/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Child loses his leg in explosion of landmine in Al-Raqqa, 18 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/379710/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Civilian killed and another injured near Ain Issa camp in Al-Raqqah countryside, 16 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/379564/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Civilian killed and other injured in explosion of war remnants in Aleppo, 11 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/379241/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Engineer Killed and others Injured in Al-Mayadeen, 16 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/382404/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Explosion of old landmine leaves two young men injured in Al-Raqqah desert, 28 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380117/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Five people killed and injured in explosion of landmine in Deir Ezzor, 14 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/379504/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Injuries and amputated limps in explosions of landmines in Al-Raqqa and Deir Ezzor, 14 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381010/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Leg of young man amputated in explosion of landmine of war remnants in Al-Raqqa, 31 January 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/377154/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Man killed and child injured in Hama and Idlib countryside, 28 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381633/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | One killed and another injured in two separate incidents in Al-Raqqa and Aleppo, 15 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381038/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Person killed and two children injured in explosion of war remnants in Daraa, 13 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/377748/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Three civilians killed in Hama and Deir Ezzor, 3 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380426/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Three people injured in Al-Raqqah and Hama countryside, 28 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/378494/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Three people killed and injured in landmine explosion in Hama and Daraa, 9 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/377549/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Truffle collectors injured in landmine explosion in Al-Shamitia desert in Deir Ezzor, 5 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380500/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Two boys injured while herding sheep in northern Al-Raqqah, 1 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/378554/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Two children get their legs amputated in a shell explosion in Al-Raqqa, 27 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/378466/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Two children injured in northern Al-Raqqah countryside, 6 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/378908/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Two civilians killed in landmine explosion in Deir Ezzor, 25 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/379989/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Two members injured in Latakia countryside and member killed in explosion of landmine in Al-Raqqa, 10 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/379204/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Two new victims of explosion of landmines monitored in Aleppo, 27 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380087/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Two people injured in explosion of landmine in Al-Raqqa, 20 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/378112/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Two young men killed in eastern Aleppo countryside, 31 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380255/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Woman and her husband injured seriously in northern Al-Raqqah countryside, 24 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381427/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Young man dies in landmine explosion while working in Hama, 9 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/382078/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Young man injured by landmine explosion in Al-Raqqah countryside, 27 October 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/372340/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Young man injured, while herding sheep in Al-Raqqah countryside, 9 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380768/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Young man killed and his father injured in southern Idlib countryside, 13 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380929/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Young man killed and his wife loses her feet in Hama countryside, 21 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/382561/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Young man killed in Al-Raqqah desert, 29 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381658/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Young man killed in landmine explosion in Aleppo, 7 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380632/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Young woman from Al-Suwaidaa injured severe in eastern Daraa countryside, 3 January 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/375890/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Old ordnance | Young man injured in landmine explosion in Al-Raqqa countryside, 22 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381352/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Ongoing attacks on former ISIS positions | Series of airstrikes target positions in Syrian Desert, 9 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/377543/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Ongoing escalation | Members of National Guard shoit down kamikaze drone of government forces in Northwestern Al-Suwaidaa, 6 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381938/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Ongoing escalation | Turkish forces and their proxies attack villages in Al-Hasakah countryside, 13 January 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/353575/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Ongoing security chaos | Alawite boy killed in Latakia, 26 January 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/376912/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Ongoing security chaos | Alawite young man executed and another injured in Hama, 30 December 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/375732/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Ongoing security chaos | Civilian killed by unidentified gunmen while traveling towards Hama, 27 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380081/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Ongoing violations | Israeli patrol advances into Daraa countryside and establishes checkpoint, 4 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381843/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Paving way for safe return of displaced | Committees assess situations in Tel Tamr and Zirkan, 23 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381383/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Playing with it | Young man dies in explosion of hand grenade in Al-Suwaidaa, 18 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381223/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Proliferation of weapons | Child dies in Hama countryside, 27 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381567/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Sectarian-base strife | Armed attack targets civilian in Hama countryside, 7 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/381976/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Sectarian-driven crime | Alawite young man killed in Hama countryside, 6 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380528/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Sectarian-driven crime | While working on farmland | Two young men ki*lled over sectarian background in western Hama, 3 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380401/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Security chaos | “Al-Amshat” Faction kidnaps young man in Al-Sirya Al-Jadida in Aleppo, 7 October 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/371163/, accessed 15 June 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Security chaos | Civilian executed by unidentified gunmen in Deir Ezzor City, 17 December 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/375071/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Security chaos | Elder man shot dead by unidentified gunmen in Hamah, 10 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/377583/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Security chaos | Member of General Security Service assassinated in Akhtarin, 14 January 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/376387/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Security chaos | Merchant from Idlib shot dead by gunmen in latakia, 16 October 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/371690/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Security chaos | One Shiite killed and others injured in attack on taxi in Aleppo, 16 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/379592/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Security chaos | Person injured in tribal infighting in Deir Ezzor, 13 January 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/376333/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Security concerns after monitoring checkpoints bearing the hallmarks of “ISIS” in Hama countryside, 18 December 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/375106/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Separate incidents | Two Alawite young men killed in Homs and Latakia, 18 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/377967/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Showing signs of torture | Child found injured in Al-Suwaidaa Hospital, 8 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380661/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Systematic threats and escalation in Al-Raqqah spur Kurdish families to flee, 26 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380054/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Terrorist attack | Armed attack leaves security member injured in Deir Ezzor, 8 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380671/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Torture victim | Civilian from Afrin was killed after being kidnapped by Turkish-backed factions, 6 December 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/374510/, accessed 15 June 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Tribal disputes | Armed clashes erupt in eastern Deir Ezzor countryside, 11 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/382183/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Tribal infighting | Clashes erupt between two tribes in eastern Deir Ezzor countryside, 1 January 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/375799/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Two civilians injured | Governmental forces and “National Guard Forces” trade fire in Al-Suwaidaa countryside, 6 November 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/372929/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Uknown attackers | Young man killed by gunfire in Al-Suwaidaa City, 18 October 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/371801/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), UNDOF patrols inspect and monitor Israeli incursion routes in Daraa countryside, 10 May 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/382110/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Until further notice | Al-Suwaidaa-Damascus highway blocked, 8 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/377461/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Wearing military uniforms | Unidentified gunmen open fire on taxi in Afrin countryside, killing three, 29 January 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/377074/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), While working on tractor | Explosion of old landmine leaves two young men dead in Al-Suwaidaa countryside, 19 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/379736/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Widespread of weapons | Young man shot dead with stray bullet in Hama, 4 February 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/377295/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), With over ten bullets | Civilian assassinated in his office in Aleppo city, 17 December 2025, https://www.syriahr.com/en/375029/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Working in agricultural land | Two civilians from Nijran west of Al-Suwaidaa kidnapped by armed group, 11 March 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/379313/, accessed 28 May 2026

SOHR (Syrian Observatory for Human Rights), Worrying escalation | 15 civilians and combatants killed in 22 attacks carries out by ISIS in different areas across Syria in March, 1 April 2026, https://www.syriahr.com/en/380560/, accessed 28 May 2026

STJ (Syrians for Truth & Justice), Drive-by Killings: A Recurrent Pattern of Direct Killings Using Motorcycles Against Civilians in Syria, 26 February 2026, https://stj-sy.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Drive-by-Killings_-A-Recurrent-Pattern-of-Direct-Killings-Using-Motorcycles-Against-Civilians-in-Syria.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

STJ (Syrians for Truth & Justice), Northern Syria: Communication to UN Special Procedures Regarding Ongoing Violations of Property Rights in the Operation Peace Spring Area, 5 August 2025, https://stj-sy.org/en/letter-on-violations-of-property-rights-during-and-following-operation-peace-spring-in-northern-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

STJ (Syrians for Truth & Justice), Syria/Hama: Armed Intimidation and Sectarian Discourse, Marking the First Anniversary of the Assad Regime’s Fall, 4 February 2026, https://stj-sy.org/en/syria-hama-armed-intimidation-and-sectarian-discourse-marking-the-first-anniversary-of-the-assad-regimes-fall/, accessed 28 May 2026

STJ (Syrians for Truth & Justice), Syria: Arrests and Abuse of Kurds During Aleppo Escalation (January 2026), April 2026, https://stj-sy.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Syria-Arrests-and-Abuse-of-Kurds-During-Aleppo-Escalation-January-2026.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

STJ (Syrians for Truth & Justice), Syria: Forced Displacement and Looting of Property in Sheikh Maqsoud and Ashrafieh during the Aleppo Escalation (January 2026), 2 April 2026, https://stj-sy.org/en/syria-forced-displacement-and-looting-of-property-in-sheikh-maqsoud-and-ashrafieh-during-the-aleppo-escalation-january-2026/, accessed 28 May 2026

STJ (Syrians for Truth & Justice), War Crimes: Turkish/SNA Attacks on Tishrin Dam Killed Civilians, Endangered the Vital Resource, 18 May 2025, https://stj-sy.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/War-Crimes_TurkishSNA-Attacks-on-Tishrin-Dam-Killed-Civilians.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

STJ (Syrians for Truth & Justice), Zaidal/Homs Crime: Disinformation and Sectarian Incitement Behind Violence Against Civilians, 3 February 2026, https://stj-sy.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/ZaidalHoms-Crime-Disinformation-and-Sectarian-Incitement-Behind-Violence-Against-Civilians.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

STJ (Syrians for Truth and Justice), "I Carried My Mother’s Remains, Her Limbs Scattered on the Ground": The Bombing of Mar Elias Church in Dweilaa and the Limited Official Response, August 2025, https://stj-sy.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/The-Bombing-of-Mar-Elias-Church-in-Dweilaa-and-the-Limited-Official-Response.pdf, accessed 17 June 2026

SWP (Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik), The Fall of the Assad Regime: Regional and International Power Shifts, February 2025, https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/comments/2025C09_Fall_Assad_Regime.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

Synergy Hevdesti, From Aleppo to Al-Hasakah: Civilians Caught Between Bombardment, Disappearances, and Attacks on Dignity and Identity, 24 February 2026, https://hevdesti.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/From-Aleppo-to-Al-Hasakah_Civilians-Caught-Between-Bombardment-Disappearances-and-Attacks-on-Dignity-and-Identity.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

Syria Direct, ‘We lost everything’: How Israeli herbicides destroyed Quneitra crops and pastures, 3 March 2026, https://syriadirect.org/how-israeli-herbicides-destroyed-quneitra-crops-and-pastures/, accessed 28 May 2026

Syria Direct, In post-regime Daraa, insecurity overshadows the state, 30 October 2025, http://syriadirect.org/in-post-regime-daraa-insecurity-overshadows-the-state/, accessed 28 May 2026

Syria Direct, Israel’s occupation of southern Syria persists, nearly a year on, 14 November 2025, https://syriadirect.org/israels-occupation-of-southern-syria-persists-nearly-a-year-on/, accessed 28 May 2026

Syria Direct, Reconstruction plan for eastern Damascus neighborhoods alarms residents, 20 April 2026, https://syriadirect.org/reconstruction-plan-for-eastern-damascus-neighborhoods-alarms-residents/, accessed 28 May 2026

Syria Direct, Suwayda stands at a crossroads, one year after Assad’s fall, 19 December 2025, https://syriadirect.org/suwayda-stands-at-a-crossroads-one-year-after-assads-fall/, accessed 28 May 2026

Syria in Transition, What’s left of the SNA, December 2025, https://www.syriaintransition.com/en/home/archive/issue-30/what-s-left-of-the-sna, accessed 28 May 2026

Syria Report (The), Displacement and Property Seizure Continue to Affect Shia Residents in Homs, 3 March 2026, https://hlp.syria-report.com/hlp/displacement-and-property-seizure-continue-to-affect-shia-residents-in-homs/, accessed 28 May 2026

Syria TV, Former Eighth Brigade commander surrenders to military police as clan announces his banishment from Daraa, The Syrian Observer, 23 February 2026, https://syrianobserver.com/syrian-actors/former-eighth-brigade-commander-surrenders-to-military-police-as-clan-announces-his-banishment-from-daraa.html, accessed 28 May 2026

Syria TV, US-Syrian joint operation in Damascus suburbs: Barrack says, ‘Syria is back on our side’, The Syrian Observer, 20 October 2025, https://syrianobserver.com/foreign-actors/us-syrian-joint-operation-in-damascus-suburbs-barrack-says-syria-is-back-on-our-side.html, accessed 28 May 2026

Syria, Ministry of Local Administration and Environment, وزارة الإدارة المحلية والبيئة تستكمل نتائج تقييم أضرار قطاعات السكن والتعليم والأفران في محافظة حمص [The Ministry of Local Administration and Environment Completes the Results of the Damage Assessment for the Housing, Education, and Bakery Sectors in Homs Governorate], 2 May 2026, https://molae.gov.sy/news/%d9%88%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%85%d9%84/, accessed 28 May 2026

Syria, Ministry of Local Administration and Environment, وزارة الإدارة المحلية والبيئة تصدر نتائج تقييم أضرار قطاعات الصحة ودور العبادة في محافظة حمص [The Ministry of Local Administration and Environment Issues the Results of the Damage Assessment for the Health and Places of Worship Sectors in Homs Governorate], 27 April 2026, https://molae.gov.sy/news/%d9%88%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%aa-4/, accessed 28 May 2026

Syria, Syria Embassy, Provincial System of The Syrian Arab Republic, n.d., https://www.syriaembassy.org/about-syria/provincial-system, accessed 28 May 2026

TIMEP (Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy), After Assad, a New Uncertainty in Syria’s South, 26 March 2026, https://timep.org/2026/03/26/after-assad-a-new-uncertainty-in-syrias-south/, accessed 28 May 2026

TWI (The Washington Institute for Near East Policy), The Islamic State Attacks the New Syrian Government, 19 May 2025, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/islamic-state-attacks-new-syrian-government, accessed 28 May 2026

Ultra Syria, Black Flags in Southern Syria: Who is helping ISIS Expand and Regroup?, The Syrian Observer, 10 October 2025, https://syrianobserver.com/security/black-flags-in-southern-syria-who-is-helping-isis-expand-and-regroup.html, accessed 28 May 2026

Ultra Syria, لا أضرار مسجلة.. الدفاع المدني يستجيب لبلاغات سقوط بقايا صواريخ جنوبًا [No reported damage: Civil defence comments reports on missile debris fallen in the South], 28 February 2026, https://ultrasyria.ultrasawt.com/%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8B%D8%A7/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1, accessed 28 May 2026

UN (United Nations) Geospatial, Syrian Arab Republic, Map No. 4204 Rev. 4, August 2022, https://www.un.org/geospatial/file/4534/download?token=uEILhjfm, accessed 28 May 2026

UN (United Nations) Human Rights Council, International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law violations committed during the July 2025 violence in Suwayda, Syria; Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, A/HRC/61/CRP.7, 27 March 2026, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session61/a-hrc-61-crp-7.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UN (United Nations) Human Rights Council, Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, A/HRC/61/62, 12 March 2026, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session61/advance-version/a-hrc-61-62-auv.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UN (United Nations) Human Rights Council, Violations against civilians in the coastal and western-central regions of the Syrian Arab Republic (January–March 2025), A/HRC/59/CRP.4, 11 August 2025, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session59/a-hrc-59-crp4-en.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UN (United Nations) News, ‘Syria simply cannot withstand another wave of instability,’ Security Council hears, 17 June 2025, https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/06/1164481, accessed 28 May 2026

UN (United Nations) News, Prison breaks and renewed clashes raise alarm in northeast Syria, 20 January 2026, https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/01/1166799, accessed 28 May 2026

UN (United Nations) Security Council, Israel-Syria: Agreement on Disengagement, S/11302/Add.1, 30 May 1974, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/576578/files/S_11302_Add.1-EN.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UN (United Nations) Security Council, Letter dated 3 February 2026 from the President of the Security Council acting in the absence of a Chair of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999), 1989 (2011) and 2253 (2015) concerning Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (Da’esh), Al-Qaida and associated individuals, groups, undertakings and entities addressed to the President of the Security Council [containing thirty-seventh report of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team submitted pursuant to resolution 2734 (2024) concerning ISIL (Da’esh), Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities], S/2026/44, 4 February 2026, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4102022/files/S_2026_44-EN.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UN (United Nations) Security Council, United Nations Disengagement Observer Force. Report of the Secretary-General, S/2025/784, 2 December 2025, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4095276/files/S_2025_784-EN.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UN (United Nations), Emerging from War, Syrians Embark on a Path to Stability and Development, 17 March 2025, https://www.un.org/en/un-chronicle/emerging-war-syrians-embark-path-stability-and-development, accessed 28 May 2026

UN Deputy Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Syria Claudio Cordone, Briefing to the Security Council, 22 April 2026, available at: https://reliefweb.int/attachments/71139f11-cbea-46f0-b007-07256da7a3ef/2026-04-22 SECCO UN Deputy Special Envoy for Syria Briefing as Delivered .pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UN DPPA (United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs), Gaza ceasefire 'increasingly fragile' as Israeli strikes and armed activities by Hamas and other groups continue, ASG Khiari tells Security Council, 28 April 2026, available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/gaza-ceasefire-increasingly-fragile-israeli-strikes-and-armed-activities-hamas-and-other-groups-continue-asg-khiari-tells-security-council-2, accessed 28 May 2026

UN Human Rights Council, International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law violations committed during the July 2025 violence in Suwayda, Syria, A/HRC/61/CRP.7, 27 March 2026, https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session61/a-hrc-61-crp-7.pdf, accessed 17 June 2026

UNDOF (United Nations Disengagement Observer Force), UNDOF Deployment Map, March 2026, https://www.un.org/geospatial/file/5331/download?token=98ON6ijr, accessed 28 May 2026

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), Flash Update, Restoration of Basic Services and Job Creation through Cash-for-Work in conflict-hit areas of Sheikh Maqsoud and Ashrafieh in Aleppo City, 12 January 2026, https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2026-01/undp-sy-flashupdate-urgentneeds-earlyrecoverypriorities-sheikhmaqsoud-ashrafieh-aleppo.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), UNDP Flash Update, Ar-Raqqa, Deir ez-Zor, Al-Hasakah, 20-26 January 2026, 26 January 2026, https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2026-01/undp-sy-nes_flash_update_27.01.26.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) et al., Syria Nationwide Housing Damage Assessment (October-November-December 2025), 23 January 2026, available at: https://reliefweb.int/attachments/49de0a7d-5095-498f-9860-e76b882ea407/SYR-Shelter-Sector-Housing-Damage-Assessment_Final-1.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Coming Home: One Year into Syria’s Transition, 11 December 2025, https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/120068, accessed 28 May 2026

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Flash update on the situation in As-Sweida #7, 9 September 2025, available at: https://reliefweb.int/attachments/9e39f75a-b576-4ce3-ba32-6f2949d41849/EXTERNAL %237 Flash update on the situation in As-Sweida_9 September 2025.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Middle East Situation as of 29 April 2026, 30 April 2026, https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/122270, accessed 28 May 2026

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Regional Flash Update #69 - Syria Situation, 20 March 2026, https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/unhcr-regional-flash-update-69-syria-situation.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Syria Protection and Reintegration Insights. January – March 2026, 28 April 2026, https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/122228, accessed 28 May 2026

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Syria situation: Regional flash update #70, 27 March 2026, https://www.unhcr.org/media/syria-situation-regional-flash-update-70, accessed 28 May 2026

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Syria: Flash Update #2 - Middle East Situation (13 April 2026) [Map], 14 Apr 2026, available at: https://reliefweb.int/attachments/0ac679d5-4e44-54db-98e9-674b5b11f410/UNHCR Syria Lebanon influx Update 2.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Syrian Arab Republic: Comprehensive Overview of IDPs and IDP Returns Dashboard, 21 May 2026, https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/122541, accessed 28 May 2026

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Syrian Arab Republic: Comprehensive Overview of IDPs and IDP Returns Dashboard, 9 April 2026, https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/121959, accessed 28 May 2026

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Syrian Arab Republic: Comprehensive Overview of Refugee Returns Dashboard, 21 May 2026, https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/122540, accessed 28 May 2026

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), UNHCR Syria: Flash Update - Middle East Situation (27 March 2026), 29 March 2026, available at: https://reliefweb.int/attachments/8504d34c-cc91-5d14-8088-5ab4137a8495/UNHCR Syria Flash Update Middle East Situation 260329.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Voluntary Repatriation of Syrian Refugees in Türki̇ye: UNHCR in Türkiye - April 2026, 14 April 2026, https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/120907, accessed 28 May 2026

UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), Children in Syria remain at deadly risk from explosive remnants of war, 4 April 2026, https://www.unicef.org/syria/press-releases/children-syria-remain-deadly-risk-explosive-remnants-warv

UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund), Syrian Arab Republic Humanitarian Situation Report No. 16, October 2025, 28 November 2025, https://www.unicef.org/media/176821/file/UNICEF Syrian Arab Republic Humanitarian Situation Report No. 16, October 2025.pdf.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund), Syrian Arab Republic: Flash Update No. 2 (Violence in the Coastal Areas) (As of 2 April 2025), 17 April 2025, https://www.unicef.org/media/169776/file/Syria-Flash-Update-02-April-2025.pdf.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund), Syrian Arab Republic: Humanitarian Flash Update #2, Escalation of Violence in Aleppo Governorate and impacts in North-East Syria, 15 January 2026, https://www.unicef.org/media/177976/file/Syrian-Arab-Republic-Humanitarian-Flash-Update-No.2-(Escalation-of-Violence-in-Aleppo),-15-January-2026.pdf.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNMAS (United Nations Mine Action Service), Syria, last updated 10 June 2026, https://www.unmas.org/en/syria, accessed 28 May 2026

UNN (Ukrainian National News), The Russian Federation maintains troops, aviation, and ships in Syria despite claims of a reduced presence, 29 April 2026, https://unn.ua/en/news/the-russian-federation-maintains-troops-aviation-and-ships-in-syria-despite-claims-of-a-reduced-presence, accessed 28 May 2026

UNOCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), Syrian Arab Republic: 2026 Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan, April 2026, https://www.unocha.org/attachments/28e3e5cb-a476-44ee-9cb7-f69625bdf31a/syrian_arab_republic_2026_humanitarian_needs_and_response_plan.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNOCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), Syrian Arab Republic: Flash Update No. 1 - Escalation of violence in Aleppo (as of 07 January 2026), 7 January 2026, https://www.unocha.org/attachments/37b1c2c2-3140-4e9f-b159-768edfa91fff/260107_escalation of violence in Aleppo_Flash Update No.1 %281%29.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNOCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), Syrian Arab Republic: Flash Update No. 3 - Clashes in Aleppo (as of 10 January 2026), 10 January 2026, https://www.unocha.org/attachments/d5d40720-0ea2-4421-b11e-e7ee4248779a/260110_Clashes in Aleppo_Flash Update No.3.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNOCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), Syrian Arab Republic: Flash Update No. 4 - Clashes in Aleppo (as of 12 January 2026), 12 January 2026, https://www.unocha.org/attachments/5563f2d2-1a3f-46db-8a39-a36a934574e7/260112_clashes in Aleppo_Flash Update No.4.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNOCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), Syrian Arab Republic: Humanitarian Overview Issue No. 3 | December 2025 - A Year in Review, 3 February 2026, https://www.unocha.org/attachments/d98ef3c3-9dc0-4b6f-a1ea-d5b0da5b0c82/260203_Syria Humanitarian Overview_%233_EN.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNOCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), Syrian Arab Republic: Humanitarian Response in Southern Syria - Situation Report No. 3 (as of 11 November 2025), 13 November 2025, https://www.unocha.org/attachments/c1c4393f-b18c-44fe-ae0a-383a9db27b77/Humanitarian Response_in_Southern Syria_Situation_Report_251113.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNOCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), Syrian Arab Republic: Humanitarian Response Priorities (January to December 2025), 24 July 2025, https://www.unocha.org/attachments/fae2dfd6-c668-46cf-a33b-2a8cb7a10983/syria_humanitarian_response_priorities_jan_dec 2025_en_20240724.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNOCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), Syrian Arab Republic: Quneitra Governorate Reference Map, February 2016, https://www.unocha.org/attachments/f5d45655-a253-3282-aa2b-b28621c5550d/ocharosy_quneitra_governorate_reference_map_dec_2015.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNOCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), Humanitarian Atlas: Syria Arab Republic – Syria sub-district maps [select Quneitra], n.d., https://humanitarianatlas.org/syria/othermaps/, accessed 28 May 2026

UNOCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), Humanitarian Needs Overview 2024: Syrian Arab Republic, 3 March 2024, https://www.unocha.org/attachments/5eef8c1a-fe65-4961-9d6e-a8bec0578724/Syria HNO 2024_EN.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNOCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), Humanitarian Response in Southern Syria – Humanitarian Situation Report No. 3, 13 November 2025, available at: https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c1c4393f-b18c-44fe-ae0a-383a9db27b77/Humanitarian Response_in_Southern Syria_Situation_Report_251113.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNOCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), Syria: Humanitarian Response in Aleppo and the North East, Humanitarian Situation Report No. 4, 4 March 2026, available at: https://reliefweb.int/attachments/4d2aa00d-3fb7-4edd-9389-015a806d354d/Humanitarian Response in Aleppo %26 NES_Situation Report %234.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNOCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), Syrian Arab Republic, Governorates profile (June 2014), 6 August 2014, available at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Syria governorate profiles 6 August 2014.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East), Italy and UNRWA launch €2 million project to restore schools and services in Yarmouk, Syria, 14 April 2026, https://www.unrwa.org/newsroom/news-releases/italy-and-unrwa-launch-%E2%82%AC2-million-project-restore-schools-and-services, accessed 28 May 2026

UN Security Council, Report of the Security Council mission to Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic, 3–7 December 2025 [S/2026/257], 31 March 2026, https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2140380/n2607019.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

UNSG (United Nations Secretary-General), Twenty-second report of the Secretary-General on the threat posed by ISIL (Da’esh) to international peace and security and the range of United Nations efforts in support of Member States in countering the threat, S/2026/57, 2 February 2026, https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n26/009/81/pdf/n2600981.pdf, accessed 28 May 2026

US, CENTCOM (Central Command), CENTCOM Degrades ISIS in Syria, 12 November 2025, https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/4329760/centcom-degrades-isis-in-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

US, CENTCOM (Central Command), U.S. Forces Continue Strikes on ISIS Targets in Syria, 14 February 2026, https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/4407029/us-forces-continue-strikes-on-isis-targets-in-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

US, CENTCOM (Central Command), U.S., Partner Forces Strike ISIS Targets in Syria, 10 January 2026, https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/4375251/us-partner-forces-strike-isis-targets-in-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

US, CENTCOM (Central Command), U.S., Syrian Forces Locate and Destroy ISIS Weapons Caches in Southern Syria, 30 November 2025, https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/4344515/us-syrian-forces-locate-and-destroy-isis-weapons-caches-in-southern-syria/, accessed 28 May 2026

USDOD (US Department of Defense), Operation Inherent Resolve And Other U.S. Government activities related to Iraq & Syria, April 1, 2025 – June 30, 2025, 29 July 2025, https://media.defense.gov/2025/Jul/31/2003767690/-1/-1/1/OIR_Q3_JUN2025_FINAL_508.PDF, accessed 28 May 2026

USDOD (US Department of Defense), Operation Inherent Resolve And Other U.S. Government activities related to Iraq & Syria, July 1, 2025 – December 31, 2025, 17 February 2026, https://media.defense.gov/2026/Feb/19/2003876973/-1/-1/1/OPERATION INHERENT RESOLVE_2026.PDF, accessed 28 May 2026

USDOD (United States Department of Defense), Lead IG Report to the U.S. Congress January 1, 2026 – March 31, 2026, 27 May 2026, https://media.defense.gov/2026/May/28/2003941098/-1/-1/1/LEAD_IG_OIR_Q2_FINAL_REPORT_REVISED%205.28.PDF, accessed 10 June 2026

USDOD (US Department of Defense), Operation Inherent Resolve and other U.S. Government Activities related to Iraq & Syria, January 1, 2025 – March 31, 2025, 29 April 2025, https://media.defense.gov/2025/May/01/2003702293/-1/-1/1/OIR_Q2_MAR2025_FINAL.PDF, accessed 28 May 2026

Vacher, P., Turkey’s Lingering Influence in Syria’s New Army, New Lines Magazine, 2 February 2026, https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/turkeys-lingering-influence-in-syrias-new-army/, accessed 28 May 2026

Van Wilgenburg, W., The SDF’s Approach to Integration Talks in Syria and the Risk of Expanded Conflict, The Washington Institute, Fikra Forum, 15 January 2026, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/sdfs-approach-integration-talks-syria-and-risk-expanded-conflict, accessed 15 June 2026

Vision of Humanity, What happens next when a terrorist group overthrows a government?, 12 February 2025, https://www.visionofhumanity.org/what-happens-next-when-a-terrorist-group-overthrows-a-government/, accessed 28 May 2026

Washington Post (The), Israel is building outposts in Syria, raising local fears of occupation, 2 February 2025, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/02/02/israel-syria-golan-ceasefire-line/, accessed 28 May 2026

Waters, G., Suqaylabiyah's Unrest: What Happened and Why it Matters, Syria Revisited, 3 April 2026, https://www.syriarevisited.com/p/suqaylabiyahs-unrest-what-happened, accessed 17 June 2026

Waters, G., The New Syrian Army: Structure and Commanders, Syria Revisited, 28 March 2025, https://www.syriarevisited.com/p/the-new-syrian-army-structure-and, accessed 28 May 2026

Waters, G., The U.S.'s New anti-ISIS Partner in the Northeast, Syria Revisited, 25 January 2026, https://www.syriarevisited.com/p/the-uss-new-anti-isis-partner-in, accessed 28 May 2026

Wohlan, M. et al., Weltzeit - Die Kriegsverbrechen in Yarmouk [World Time – The War Crimes in Yarmouk] [Podcast], Deutschlandfunk, 16 March 2026, https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/aufarbeitung-in-syrien-die-kriegsverbrechen-in-yarmouk-100.html, accessed 28 May 2026

World Bank, Syria’s Post-Conflict Reconstruction Costs Estimated at $216 billion, 21 October 2025, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2025/10/21/syria-s-post-conflict-reconstruction-costs-estimated-at-216-billion, accessed 28 May 2026

WSJ (Wall Street Journal), Russia Resupplies Its Syria Air Base, Hanging On to a Strategic Foothold, 1 June 2026, , available by subscription at: https://www.dowjones.com/professional/factiva/, accessed 17 June 2026

Zaman Alwasl, Druze leader forms committees to carry out state duties in Sweida, 26 July 2025, https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/article/70040, accessed 28 May 2026

Zaman Alwsl, Army engineering units declare Damascus’ Qaboun safe after clearing war remnants, 26 March 2026, https://en.zamanalwsl.net/news/article/71074, accessed 28 May 2026

Zelin, A., Syria’s Transitional Honeymoon Is Over After Massacres and Disinformation, TWI (The Washington Institute for Near East Policy), 10 March 2025, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/syrias-transitional-honeymoon-over-after-massacres-and-disinformation, accessed 28 May 2026

Zelin, A., The Damascus Church Attack: Who Is Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah?, TWI, 25 June 2025, https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/damascus-church-attack-who-saraya-ansar-al-sunnah, accessed 17 June 2026

Zelin, A., Where ISIS is still active today, NPR (National Public Radio), 19 December 2025, https://www.npr.org/2025/12/19/nx-s1-5647394/where-isis-is-still-active-today, accessed 28 May 2026