Article 2 of the Constitution of Pakistan states ‘Islam shall be the State religion of Pakistan’1361 and 95.9 % of the country’s 241 million people identify as Muslims1362 including 85-90 % Sunni Muslims and 10-15 % Shia Muslims, with the remaining 3.5 % belonging to other religions including Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Bahais, and Kalash.1363 Article 20 of the Constitution states that ‘(a) every citizen shall have the right to profess, practice and propagate his religion; and (b) every religious denomination and every sect thereof shall have the right to establish, maintain and manage its religious institutions’.1364 In its Article 260, section 3, the constitution defines a non-Muslim as follows: ‘non-Muslim means a person who is not a Muslim and includes a person belonging to the Christian, Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist or Parsi community, a person of the Qadiani group or the Lahori group (who call themselves “Ahmadis” or by any other name), or a Bahai, and a person belonging to any of the scheduled castes.]’.1365 Ahmadis who identify as Muslims, were declared as non-Muslims by the State through an amendment to the constitution in 1974.1366 For further background information on religious minorities, see section 6.2 of the EUAA COI report Pakistan - Country Focus (December 2024).
Despite constitutional guarantees, religious minorities in Pakistan encounter major obstacles that undermine their safety, legal rights, and social integration, and are frequently subjected to hate, violence, discrimination and limited access to opportunities.1367 In March 2025, Pakistan approved a policy on interfaith harmony1368 and a strategy on religious tolerance.1369 The new policy on interfaith harmony describes the challenges faced by the state1370 noting that despite constitutional guarantees and existing policy frameworks, federal and provincial institutions, law enforcement agencies, and the legal system have not effectively addressed the root causes of rising extremism in the country. 1371 This has particularly affected marginalised groups, including religious minorities and madrassa students, especially during periods of social and religious unrest. 1372 These challenges are further intensified by socio-economic pressures and limited technical and financial capacity.1373
In 2025, religious minorities continued to face socio-economic marginalisation, as well as religious and sectarian violence linked to blasphemy laws that disproportionately affected these communities.1374 Sectarian violence persisted in 2024 and 20251375 with a report counting 487 individuals killed due to sectarian violence between 2021 and 2024.1376 Meanwhile, Pakistan has experienced a noted rise in Sunni radicalisation under the leadership of the Army Chief Asim Munir, which led to growing violence against religious minorities including the Ahmadis and Shia Muslims (particularly Hazara Shia).1377 For more information, see section (d) Shia Muslims.
Hindus in Pakistan (also known as Hindu Jati), number approximately 4 million in the country, representing 1.7 % of the total population, and reside primarily in Sindh province, followed by much smaller concentrations in Balochistan, Punjab, Islamabad, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.1378 For further background information on Hindus, see section 6.2.1 of the EUAA COI report Pakistan - Country Focus (December 2024).
Hindus are perceived as kafirs (infidels) in Pakistan1379 and the term Hindu is often used as an insult in political discourse, everyday interactions, and school settings.1380 In Pakistan, Hindus face land seizures, economic and social exclusion, online hate speech and incitement to violence, allegation of blasphemy, digital extortion, threats, and harassment against Hindu activists.1381 Hindus are frequently prevented from exercising their funeral rites in the country.1382
An NGO reported that Hindus, particularly Sindhi Hindus, face kidnappings for ransom, violent attacks, blasphemy accusations, systematic discrimination,1383 and forced conversions to Islam,1384 disputes over land or tenancy, bonded labour and local power dynamics, increasing targeted attacks by Islamist groups, and rumours to incite mobs against them1385 without effective safeguard from the government.1386
According to an April 2025 report by the Centre for Social Justice, in 2024, 32 Hindu males were accused of blasphemy, and 47 Hindu girls and women were forcibly converted to Islam and 6 abducted,1387 mainly by Muslim captors.1388 For more information see sections (a) Conversion, 5.4. Blasphemy law and (d) Individuals accused of blasphemy.
In an article published in September 2025, it is reported that in Pakistan, Hindu women and girls are reportedly picked up from the streets by armed groups, sometimes in daylight, harassed or abducted on their way to school, and in some cases forcibly married to Muslim men, renamed and converted to Islam.1389 An NGO suggested that these incidents contributed to an exodus of Hindus1390 to India that reportedly reached over 500 000 people by August 2024, according to the latest data available.1391 For information on cases of forced conversion of Hindus in Pakistan, see section I(a) Conversion.
The Sikh population in Pakistan is estimated at approximately 16 000 persons, with the majority living in KP, followed by Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab, and Islamabad.1392 For further background information on Sikhs, see section 6.2.1 of the EUAA COI report Pakistan - Country Focus (December 2024).
An NGO reports that Sikhs in Pakistan, particularly in KP, face increasing targeted violence that has led to major displacement over the past decade, with about 30 Sikh politicians, activists, and businessmen killed since 2013, including three in 2024, without adequate state safeguards for the community.1393 In addition, Sikhs often face restrictions in accessing their funerary rituals.1394
As of April 2025, the Indian government raised concerns over reports indicating the targeting of Sikhs in Pakistan, including intimidation, forced marriages, forced conversions, and vandalism of places of worship,1395 while a 2024 article by The Guardian reported that the Indian authorities allegedly carried out ‘up to 20 assassinations since 2020’ in Pakistan, including Sikh figures.1396 Over the same period, the Centre for Social Justice in Pakistan reported two cases of abduction and forced conversion of Sikh girls in the country.1397 On 20 March 2026, a media report indicated that the husband of a Punjabi Sikh woman who had travelled to Pakistan as part of a pilgrimage filed a complaint before the Lahore High Court alleging that she had been forcibly converted to Islam and subjected to rape and coerced marriage. Her subsequent appearances in viral videos, in which she expressed differing attitudes including remarks critical of the Sikh community, raised concerns that she may have been acting under pressure or duress.1398
Christians in Pakistan are estimated at approximately 3 million people, the majority living in Punjab and Islamabad, with smaller concentrations in Sindh and smaller proportions in Balochistan and KP.1399 For background information on Christians, see section 6.2.2 of the EUAA COI report Pakistan - Country Focus (December 2024).
According to a report by Réveil communautaire d'assistance aux victimes, an NGO in special consultative status at the Human Rights Council, Christians in Pakistan face intimidation, violence, and socio-economic marginalisation in the country, including ongoing threats from perpetrators released on bail, forced conversions and forced marriages, sexual violence, while state authorities repeatedly failed to provide protection or hold perpetrators accountable.1400 Minority Rights Group reported that Christians are frequently prevented from performing their funeral rites.1401
Blasphemy accusations against Christians in Pakistan have long incited mob violence and forced entire communities to flee their homes, often resulting in the seizure of their property, while weak judicial processes, lack of proper land records, and limited rule of law further expose religious minorities to intimidation, forced evictions, and land grabbing.1402 According to the April 2025 report by the Centre for Social Justice, in 2024, 20 Christians (15 males and 5 females) were accused, imprisoned, or killed for blasphemy, and 30 Christian girls and women were abducted and forcibly converted to Islam.1403 For more information, see sections (a) Conversion, 5.4. Blasphemy law and (d) Individuals accused of blasphemy.
According to the latest data published in April 2025 by the Centre for Social Justice (CSJ), a total of 344 individuals were accused of blasphemy in Pakistan, including 20 Christians.1404 On 3 March 2026, a Christian worker was allegedly tortured to death in Punjab province by his Muslim employer, who reportedly staged the incident as a suicide.1405 Meanwhile, 25 000 Christian residents in H-9 Rimsha Colony slum, in Islamabad, faced eviction from their homes and shops after the Capital Development Authority (CDA) ordered them to leave.1406 While some structures were demolished in Allama Iqbal Colony in G-7,1407 the Christian community continued protesting against the CDA about the operations it launched.1408
Shia Muslims, who are known as Ahl-e Teshih1409 in Pakistan number an estimated 40 million people in the country, representing approximately 10-15 % of the total population.1410 A significant proportion of Shia Muslims live in Gilgit-Baltistan, as well as in Sindh, particularly in Karachi, Sanghar, Nawabshah and Hyderabad.1411 Shia communities are also present across Punjab, including Lahore, and in Balochistan, where they reside in Sanjawi, Mach, Zhob, Harnai, Loralai, and Dukki. In KP, Shia Muslims live in Peshawar, Hangu, Kohat, Dera Ismail Khan,1412 and the Kurram district, including Parachinar, which lies along the Pakistan and Afghanistan border. 1413
According to a statement presented in February 2025 by ‘ECO-FAWN’ (Environment Conservation Organization – Foundation for Afforestation Wild Animals and Nature), an NGO in special consultative status to the UN Human Rights Council (UN HRC), Pakistan has a long history of violent and targeted attacks against Shia Muslims, forcing Shia communities to live in constant fear for their safety, while the state has failed to protect their basic rights.1414 In addition, the Center for the Study of Organised Hate (CSOH) states that over 4 000 Shias have been killed by sectarian violence in the past 20 years alone.1415 For information on anti-Shia groups, see sections 3.2.10. Sipah-e Sahaba Pakistan (SSP) and 3.2.11. Lashkar-e Jhangvi (LeJ).
Shia Pashtuns, particularly in Kurram District (Parachinar) have faced sectarian violence from Sunni extremist elements.1416 In its statement to the UN HRC, ECO-FAWN reported that Shia civilians in Parachinar have been particularly exposed to sectarian violence including with methods such as suicide bombings, roadside explosions, targeted shootings, and improvised explosive devices in busy marketplaces.1417
On 21 November 2024, gunmen reportedly attacked a Shia Muslim convoy in Kurram district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province1418 killing 52 people, mostly Shia Muslims.1419 The incident triggered clashes between Shia and Muslims that left 80 death.1420 The violence ended with a ceasefire between Shia and Sunni Muslims on 24 November 2024.1421 News media also reported that, on 6 February 2026, a suicide bomber killed 31 people and injured 169 people in a Shia Mosque in Islamabad.1422 The attack was claimed by the ISKP1423 accusing Shia Muslims of being ‘infidels’.1424
News reports stated that, following the killing of Iran’s Supreme leader, Ayatullah Ali Khamenei, by a US-Israel attack in early March 2026, the Pakistani Shia community widely protested.1425 On 19 March 2026, Pakistan’s Army Chief, General Asim Munir, was alleged to have said that those expressing sympathy for Iran should ‘leave Pakistan and live in Iran.’1426 The remarks reportedly contributed to sectarian tensions, 1427 with several Shia leaders stating that they felt insulted by General Munir’s remarks.1428
Ahmadis, also referred to as Qadiani in Pakistan,1429 identify as Muslims1430 and they number around 165 000 people, i.e. about 0.1 % of the population according to the 2023 population census.1431 Other sources indicate that the Ahmadi population in Pakistan can be around 500 0001432 or 600 000 people.1433 Sources indicated that Ahmadis hide their religious identity which made the official count of their community difficult.1434 Ahmadis reside mainly in Punjab, primarily in Rabwah city1435 with some residing in Islamabad, smaller proportions in Sindh, and few in Balochistan and KP. 1436 Following the partition of India in 1947, the Ahmadi community moved from Qadian (India) to Rabwah (Punjab province of Pakistan).1437 For further background information, and information on the criminalisation of the Ahmadis under the Penal Code, see sections 5.3 and 6.2.4 of the EUAA COI report Pakistan - Country Focus (December 2024).
Amnesty International reported that violence against Ahmadis has increasingly become routine in the country and often intensifies around religious occasions such as Eid.1438 According to a June 2025 Human Rights Watch report, groups reportedly connected to local religious and political actors have regularly destroyed, sealed, or taken control of Ahmadi places of worship.1439 According to Amnesty International, Ahmadis ‘are forced to hide their religious identity not only because of societal threats but also due to state pressure empowered by hardline religious clerics. Everyday life becomes a struggle. Ahmadis must hide their beliefs to go to school, get jobs, or even get identity documents. Textbooks either ignore or insult them’.1440 Ahmadis are also excluded from land inheritance from the property of a Muslim relative under Sharia, Muslim personal law, and Article 260(3) of the Constitution.1441
For information on laws, rulings related to the Ahmadi places of worship, and reported attacks and destructions prior to 2024, see section 6.2.4 of the EUAA COI report Pakistan - Country Focus (December 2024).
A report by France24 noted that supporters of Tehreek-e Labaik Pakistan (TLP) often monitor Ahmadi places of worship and file police complaints accusing them of posing as Muslims and offering Islamic style prayers, which is illegal for Ahmadis in Pakistan.1442
Minority Rights Group reported that Ahmadi Muslims are often barred from using public graveyards in the country, and authorities frequently do not intervene or hold perpetrators accountable when mob violence disrupts funerals or damages graves.1443 According to the Ahmadiyya Muslim community, 319 Ahmadi gravestones were damaged in 21 separate incidents in Pakistan in 2024, while an estimated 269 Ahmadi Muslim graves were desecrated in 11 separate attacks across the country in 2025,1444 and over 22 Ahmadi places of worship were desecrated in the country in 2024.1445 On 26 November 2024, an Ahmadi place of worship was attacked and destroyed by extremists in Faisalabad, Punjab province.1446 On the night of 16 January 2025, authorities reportedly destroyed an Ahmadi worship place in Daska Kalan, District Sialkot, Punjab province.1447 On 10 May 2025, over 90 Ahmadi gravestones were desecrated in Rhoda, Khushab district, Punjab province.1448 On 29 July 2025, a 70-year-old Ahmadi place of worship was destroyed in Pakistan.1449 On 14 August 2025, a mob of over 300 people assaulted and vandalised two Ahmadi places of worship in Faisalabad, Punjab province.1450 On 4 September 2025, two Ahmadi places of worship were demolished in Punjab province.1451 On 25 September 2025, religious radicals attacked Ahmadi houses and shops in Sialkot following a burial.1452 On 29 September 2025, police registered FIRs against multiple suspects for allegedly vandalising property and attacking members of the Ahmadi community in Sialkot.1453 On 8 October 2025, police reportedly demolished an Ahmadi place of worship in Punjab province.1454
Between 1984 and 2025, 285 Ahmadis have been killed in Pakistan as stated by a local human rights advocacy organisation.1455 According to the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan report of 19 August 2025, in a series of targeted attacks across Rawalpindi, Naukot, Karachi, Kasur, and Sargodha between December 2024 and May 2025, several Ahmadis were killed in incidents marked by religious hostility, mob violence, and targeted shootings.1456 Prior to this incident, on 18 April 2025, a violent mob killed a man outside an Ahmadi place of worship in Karachi following Friday prayers.1457 In late May 2025, religious groups reportedly destroyed a cold storage facility after discovering that the body of an Ahmadi woman was being kept there.1458
Several sources reported that on 16 May 2025, a famous Ahmadi doctor was shot dead at his hospital workplace in Sargodha (Punjab province).1459 On 11 July 2025, Ahmadi Muslim worshippers were targeted in coordinated attacks by TLP mobs during Friday prayers in Sialkot and Lahore (Punjab province), where one mosque was attacked, another sealed, and worshippers were detained.1460 On 10 October 2025, a gunman opened fire on worshippers during Friday prayers at the Bait-ul-Mahdi Mosque, part of the Ahmadi Muslim Community’s headquarters in Rabwah (officially Chenab Nagar), Punjab province, seriously injuring several people.1461 Concentration of Ahmadis residing in Rabwah expose the community to potential targets by certain political religious groups.1462
As of 25 December 2025, a member of the Ahmadi community in Chenab Nagar (Chiniot district, Punjab province) was sentenced to life imprisonment and a concurrent three-year term for distributing allegedly altered Urdu translations of the Quran, following a First Information Report (FIR) and police investigation.1463
The Zikris are a Muslim community with distinctive beliefs and religious practices, 1464 residing mainly in southern Balochistan including in Makran coastal region - Turbat, Panjgur, and Gwadar.1465 They follow Imam Mahdi (the awaited redeemer in Islamic eschatology) and their religious practices are centred on zikr (the remembrance of God), with Zikirkhana regarded as their place of worship1466 and Koh-e Murad in Turbat as their holiest site and serving as the destination for an annual pilgrimage attended by thousands of followers.1467 Zikri religious life includes collective nighttime prayers performed while sitting on the floor, passed down through generations, and has traditionally involved women leading devotional gatherings where participants recite and sing prayers together.1468 For further background information on Zikris, see section 6.2.5 of the EUAA COI report Pakistan - Country Focus (December 2024).
Zikris have increasingly been labelled as kafirs (infidels), and in recent decades, Zikris in Balochistan, particularly in the Makran region, have faced rising hostility from extremist groups, including threats, fatwas, attacks on prayer sites, and restrictions on public religious expression, and are treated as second-class citizens or rebels.1469 In addition, Zikris continued to be subjected to attacks by ISKP who consider them apostates.1470
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Dawn, Ahmadi man lynched as TLP supporters storm worship place in Karachi’s Saddar: police, 18 April 2025, url
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AI, Pakistan: End cyclical harassment and persecution of minority Ahmadiyya community, 5 June 2025, url
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IANS, Pakistan witnesses sharp rise in violence against minorities under Asim Munir: report, 11 March 2026, url; CSW, Doctor shot dead and gravestones desecrated amid continued targeting of Ahmadiyya community, 19 May 2025, url; Voice.pk Net, Leading doctor killed: For Ahmadis, Friday can spell murder, 16 May 2025, url
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IHRC, Targeted on Fridays: Genocidal Intimidation, Mosque Sealing, and Religious Apartheid Against Ahmadiyya Muslims Intensify in Pakistan, 12 July 2025, url
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Rana S, Pakistan, Rabwah under fire – A wake-up call for international human rights protection, ISHR, 1 December 2025, url; Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Press release, Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmad Prays for Victims Following Terror Attack on Ahmadiyya Mosque In Rabwah, Pakistan, 10 October 2025, url; Friday Times (The), Terrorist Attacks Ahmadi Worship Place In Rabwah, Six Injured, 10 October 2025, url
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Expert on Ahmadis in Pakistan, email communication with the EUAA, 1 April 2026
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Dawn, Ahmadi sentenced to life term in blasphemy case, 25 December 2025, url
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Contrapuntal (The), The mother’s vigil for disappeared son in Balochistan, 2 February 2026, url
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Taaza Khabar, Is Pakistan un-Islamic? What can a nation that makes life miserable for its own Muslims offer Kashmir?, 3 May 2025, url
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WWF, Study on knowledge, attitude & practices of fisherfolk communities about fisheries and mangrove resources, 2005, n.d., url, p. 5
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Contrapuntal (The), The mother’s vigil for disappeared son in Balochistan, 2 February 2026, url
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Ground
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Taaza Khabar, Is Pakistan un-Islamic? What can a nation that makes life miserable for its own Muslims offer Kashmir?, 3 May 2025, url
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Kinra M, ISKP’s Expanding War In Balochistan Targets Nationalists Amid Alleged Intelligence Ties – Op