2.1.3. Factors influencing targeting

The criteria for determining who is considered affiliated with the former government remain unclear, leading to inconsistent targeting.243 In some cases, individuals were arrested based on military records or corroborated witness testimony, while in other cases arrests followed community accusations, personal disputes, rumours, or unverified social media claims. Some of those targeted were genuinely involved in abuses against civilians, but others were detained solely because of their former political or security roles, or perceived association with the previous regime.244

The transitional government’s pursuit of former regime members is inconsistent,245 prioritising the public arrest and long-term detention of high-ranking officials while frequently releasing lower-level informants.246 Furthermore, disparity in treatment exists where senior figures might receive better treatment in detention, whereas lower-level detainees are more vulnerable to physical abuse.247 Wealthy businessmen and public figures associated with the former government have largely retained or regained their influence, while lower-ranking officials and civilians accused of loyalty to the former government have faced arrest or harassment.248

Sectarian identity has been a contributing factor in targeting, particularly in cases involving Alawites targeted by government security forces and affiliated armed groups.249 However, affiliation with the former government is generally the primary factor driving targeting.250 In certain areas, such as Deir Ez-Zor, Sunni former SAA personnel are generally not targeted solely for their past military service, as the risk of tribal retaliation may discourage such actions.251