Annex 1: Bibliography

Public sources

AA (Anadolu Ajansı), Sudan resumes domestic flights to Khartoum airport for 1st time since war began, 1 February 2026, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/sudan-resumes-domestic-flights-to-khartoum-airport-for-1st-time-since-war-began/3817147, accessed 8 February 2026

AA (Anadolu Ajansı), Sudanese government committee announces continued training, volunteer deployment to fronts against RSF, 7 November 2025, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/sudanese-government-committee-announces-continued-training-volunteer-deployment-to-fronts-against-rsf/3737242, accessed 17 March 2026

Abdul-Fattah Al Burhan, @aftaburhan, [X], 9 January 2026, https://x.com/aftaburhan/status/2009678069452222764?s=20, accessed 20 March 2026

Al Jazeera, Sudan’s aid workers fear crackdown under strict new army rules, 28 May 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/28/sudans-aid-workers-fear-crackdown-under-strict-new-army-rules, accessed on 27 April 2026

ACAPS, Challenges and opportunities for Khartoum state emergency response rooms, 16 October 2025, https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20251016_ACAPS_…, accessed 19 February 2026

ACAPS, Sudan Impact of the conflict on children, https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20231117_ACAPS_Sudan_Analysis_Hub_Thematic_Report_Impact_of_the_conflict_on_children.pdf , accessed 16 March 2026

ACAPS, Sudan, Protection Risk Analysis 2025, 31 July 2025, https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20250731_ACAPS_Sudan-_Protection_risks_analysis_2025.pdf , accessed 11 March 2026

ACAPS, Sudan, Situational update: Khartoum state, 14 August 2024, https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20240814_ACAPS_Sudan_-_Situational_update_Khartoum_state.pdf , accessed 11 March 2026

Accessnow, #KeepItOn: Time to end Sudan’s isolation lift the WhatsApp block now, 25 September 2025, https://www.accessnow.org/press-release/keepiton-time-to-end-sudans-isolation-lift-whatsapp-block-now/ , accessed 6 February 2026

ACERWC (African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child), Ratification Table, n.d., https://www.acerwc.org/the-african-charter-on-the-rights-and-welfare-of-the-child-acrwc/ratifications/ , accessed 7 April 2026

ACHPR (The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights), Report of the virtual joint fact-finding mission on the human rights situation in the Sudan, 16 July 2025, https://achpr.au.int/sites/default/files/files/2025-10/report-virtual-joint-fact-finding-mission-human-rights-situation-sudan-eng.pdf, accessed 7 February 2026

ACHPR (The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights), Report of the virtual joint fact-finding mission on the human rights situation in the Sudan, 21 October 2025, https://achpr.au.int/en/documents/2025-10-21/fact-finding-mission-human-rights-situation-sudan , accessed 15 April 2026

ACJPS (African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies), South Darfur State: Internally Displaced women and girls have been targeted and subjected to sexual assault by armed individuals in Nyala town, 2 Octobre 2025, https://www.acjps.org/publications/south-darfur-state-internally-displaced-women-and-girls-have-been-targeted-and-subjected-to-sexual-assault-by-armed-individuals-in-nyala-town , accessed 16 March 2026

ACJPS (African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies), Sudan Human Rights Newsletter, June 2025, https://files.cdn-files-a.com/uploads/7315212/normal_6880d1da35f3c.pdf , accessed 8 February 2026

ACJPS (African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies), Sudan war: at least 643 women arbitrarily detained in Korea prison in Nyala, South Darfur, 3 March 2026, https://www.acjps.org/publications/sudan-war-at-least-643-women-arbitrarily-detained-in-korea-prison-in-nyala-south-darfur , accessed 20 March 2026

ACJPS (African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies), Sudanese courts sentence two women to death by stoning for adultery despite international obligations; 13 February 2026, https://www.acjps.org/publications/sudanese-courts-sentence-two-women-to-death-by-stoning-for-adultery-despite-international-obligations , accessed 20 March 2026

ACJPS (African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies), Update: Sudanese courts sentence two women to death by stoning, 25 February 2026, https://www.acjps.org/publications/update-sudanese-courts-sentence-two-women-to-death-by-stoning#:~:text=Several%20days%20after%20the%20original,is%20expected%20to%20be%20dismissed , accessed 20 March 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location and Event Data), Defection and violence against civilians in Sudan’s al-Jazirah state-November 2024, 18 November 2024, https://acleddata.com/report/defection-and-violence-against-civilians-sudans-al-jazirah-state-november-2024 , accessed 29 April 2026

ACLED (Armed Conflict Location and Event Data), Two years of war in Sudan: how the SAF is gaining the upper hand, 15 April 2025, https://acleddata.com/report/two-years-war-sudan-how-saf-gaining-upper-hand paragraph on Al-Baraa Ibn Malik Brigade , accessed 27 April 2026

Actum Sudan, Sudan’s Electricity Shortfall Hits 3,300 MW Amid Global Fuel Crisis, 2 April 2026, https://actumsudan.substack.com/p/sudans-electricity-shortfall-hits , accessed 6 February 2026

Adala Project and SIHA Net, Out of sight: sexual violence and ethnic targeting in the Nuba mountains/South Kordofan, 8 August 2025, https://sihanet.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Nuba-Mountains-Sudan-Report.pdf , accessed 16 March 2026

ADF (Africa Defense Forum), Conflict Enflames Historic Ethnic Tensions in West Darfur, 18 July 2023, https://adf-magazine.com/2023/07/conflict-enflames-historic-ethnic-tensions-in-west-darfur/ , accessed 7 February 2026

ADF (Africa Defense Forum), In Sudan, RSF invokes tradition to force children onto battlefield, 8 October 2024, https://adf-magazine.com/2024/10/in-sudan-rsf-invokes-tradition-to-force-children-onto-battlefield/#:~:text=In%20an%20effort%20to%20recruit%20new%20fighters,invoking%20Faza'a%2C%20an%20ancient%2C%20pre%2DIslamic%20Sudanese%20tradition , accessed 27 April 2026

ADF (Africa Defense Forum), Rise of armed groups complicates Sudan’s brutal civil war, 10 June 2025, https://adf-magazine.com/2025/06/rise-of-armed-groups-complicates-sudans-brutal-civil-war/ , accessed 27 April 2026

ADF (Africa Defense Forum), SAF Accused of Targeting Civilians Based on Ethnicity, 6 February 2024, https://adf-magazine.com/2024/02/saf-accused-of-targeting-civilians-based-on-ethnicity/ , accessed 7 February 2026

ADF (Africa Defense Forum), Sudan’s Warring Sides Target Citizens with Digital Disinformation Campaigns, 20 June 2023, https://adf-magazine.com/2023/06/sudans-warring-sides-target-citizens-with-digital-disinformation-campaigns/ , accessed 6 February 2026

ADF (Africa Defense Forum), Colombian mercenaries, hired for UAE security, face fire in Sudan, 7 January 2025, https://adf-magazine.com/2025/01/colombian-mercenaries-hired-for-uae-security-face-fire-in-sudan/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CThese%20are%20the%20people%20who,Sudan%20to%20join%20the%20RSF , accessed 27 April 2026

African Journal of Economics, Politics and Social Studies (2022, Vol. 1), Ethnic Politics in Sudan: Dynamics of Instability, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383937897_Ethnic_Politics_in_Sudan_Dynamics_of_Instability , accessed 11 March 2026

African Journal of Reproductive Health, Clinical and genetic characteristics of disorders of sex development in Sudanese patients, Manal M.E.A. Elkareem, Houda M. Dguimin, Samia M. Ahmed, Rayan Khalid & Imad Elmula, April 2024, https://www.ajrh.info/index.php/ajrh/article/view/4439/pdf , accessed 15 January 2026

African Perceptions, Sudan’s Security and Defense Council calls for general mobilization to support army against Rapid Support Forces, 5 November 2025, https://africanperceptions.org/en/2025/11/sudans-security-and-defense-council-calls-for-general-mobilization-to-support-army-against-rapid-support-forces/ , accessed 21 April 2026

Africanews, More than 100 charity workers killed in Sudan since start of civil war, 27 February 2026, https://www.africanews.com/2026/02/27/more-than-100-charity-workers-killed-in-sudan-since-start-of-civil-war/ , accessed 8 February 2026

Africanews, Reconstruction underway in Khartoum even as war in Sudan continues, 22 January 2026, https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/22/reconstruction-underway-in-khartoum-even-as-war-in-sudan-continues/ , accessed 6 February 2026

Africanews, Sudan's economy contracts 40% as war rages, 13 August 2024, https://www.africanews.com/2024/02/28/sudans-economy-contracts-40-as-war-rages/ , accessed 7 February 2026

Africanews, Sudan's war has left the country's economy shattered, 20 January 2026, https://www.africanews.com/2026/01/14/sudans-war-has-left-the-countrys-economy-shattered/, accessed 6 February 2026

Afrocen, Sudanese Prime Minister Appoints Five New Ministers, 28 July 2025, https://afrocen.org/article.php?id=2291&l=en , accessed 8 February 2026

AI (Amnesty International), Sudan: El Fasher survivors tell of deliberate RSF killings and sexual violence – new testimony, 25 November 2025, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/11/sudan-el-fasher-survivors-tell-of-deliberate-rsf-killings-and-sexual-violence-new-testimony/ , accessed 6 February 2026

AI (Amnesty International), Sudan: Internet shutdown threatens delivery of humanitarian and emergency services, 8 March 2024, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/03/sudan-internet-shutdown-threatens-delivery-of-humanitarian-and-emergency-services/ , accessed 7 February 2026

@algassam1984, [YouTube], posted on 12 February 2024, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7A_EBNryMQ quote extract at 3’15’’ , accessed 9 April 2026

Al Jazeera Media Institute, Sudan’s Journalists Are Being Silenced: By Bullets, Exile, and Fear, 17 September 2025, https://institute.aljazeera.net/en/ajr/article/3364 , accessed 8 February 2026

Al Jazeera, After splinter, can Sudan’s anti-war coalition reinvent itself?, 20 February 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/20/after-splinter-can-sudans-anti-war-coalition-reinvent-itself , accessed 26 February 2026

Al Jazeera, After three years of war, Sudan army and RSF locked in military impasse, 16 April 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/16/after-three-years-of-war-sudan-army-and-rsf-locked-in-military-impasse , accessed 18 April 2026

Al Jazeera, Fears of all-out ethnic war rise in Sudan’s Darfur, 22 November 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/22/fears-of-all-out-ethnic-war-in-rise-in-sudans-darfur , accessed 6 February 2026

Al Jazeera, Khartoum airport receives first scheduled flight since start of Sudan war, 1 February 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/2/1/khartoum-airport-receives-first-scheduled-flight-since-start-of-sudan-war , accessed 7 February 2026

Al Jazeera, Sudan power crisis: Studying using candles, counting gas station trips, 16 April 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/16/sudan-power-crisis-studying-using-candles-counting-gas-station-trips , accessed 18 April 2026

Al Jazeera, Sudan’s civilians pick up arms, as RSF gains and army stumbles, 24 December 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/24/sudans-civilians-pick-up-arms-as-rsf-gains-and-army-stumbles , accessed 21 April 2026

Al Jazeera, Sudanese bloc declares Nairobi roadmap, but is it a civilian breakthrough?, 22 December 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/22/sudanese-bloc-declares-nairobi-roadmap-but-is-it-a-civilian-breakthrough , accessed 8 February 2026

Al Jazeera, Threat of RSF invasion looms over el-Fasher in Sudan's Darfur, 4 December 2024, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/12/4/threat-of-rsf-invasion-looms-over-el-fasher-in-sudans-darfur , accessed 6 February 2026

Al Jazeera, War in Sudan: Humanitarian collapse, fighting, deadlock, December 2025, 31 December 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/12/31/war-in-sudan-humanitarian-collapse-fighting-deadlock-december-2025 , accessed 7 February 2026

Al Jazeera, Thousands held by paramilitary RSF in Sudan’s el-Fasher: NGO, 27 April 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/27/thousands-reportedly-held-by-paramilitary-rsf-in-sudans-el-fasher, accessed 28 April 2026

Alnilin, التطبيقات البنكية بعد الحرب.. منافسة غائبة,[Banking apps after the war: a lack of competition], 9 March 2026, , https://www.alnilin.com/13459577.htm , accessed 6 February 2026

Altaghyeer, المرصد السوداني لحقوق الإنسان» يدين حكم الإعدام بحق محامي و يطالب بإلغائه» [The Sudanese Observatory for Human Rights condemns the death sentences against a lawyer and demands its annulment], 11 October 2025,https://www.altaghyeer.info/ar/2025/10/11/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%b5%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%88%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86/ , accessed 7 February 2026

AOAV (Action on Armed Violence), Satellite data analysis reveals scale of destruction in Khartoum as ground reporting falters, 15 April 2026, https://aoav.org.uk/2026/satellite-data-analysis-reveals-scale-of-destruction-in-khartoum-as-ground-reporting-falters/ , accessed 8 February 2026

Arab Center Washington DC, Sudan’s War: The Failure of Mediation and the Struggle for Civilian Rule, 31 October 2025, https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/sudans-war-the-failure-of-mediation-and-the-struggle-for-civilian-rule/ , accessed 7 February 2026

Arab Weekly (The), When an RSF general switches sides, 28 April 2026, https://thearabweekly.com/when-rsf-general-switches-sides#:~:text=According%20to%20multiple%20accounts%2C%20he,but%20that%20narrative%20is%20incomplete , accessed 29 April 2026

Arab Weekly (The), Sudan’s RSF-led coalition declares parallel government, deepening risk of partition, 28 July 2025, https://www.thearabweekly.com/sudans-rsf-led-coalition-declares-parallel-government-deepening-risk-partition , accessed 24 March 2026

ARTICLE 19, Sudan: Unfolding atrocities fuel free expression crisis , 6 November 2025, https://www.article19.org/resources/sudan-unfolding-atrocities-fuel-fee-expression-crisis/ , accessed 8 February 2026

Asharq Al-Awsat, People Returning to Sudan’s Capital: Khartoum is Not Habitable, 29 May 2025, https://english.aawsat.com/features/5148525-people-returning-sudan%E2%80%99s-capital-khartoum-not-habitable , accessed 6 February 2026

Assafir Al-Arabi, Criminalizing Female Genital Mutilation in Sudan: an ongoing battle, 2 August 2022, https://assafirarabi.com/en/46685/2022/08/02/criminalizing-female-genital-mutilation-in-sudan-an-ongoing-battle/ , accessed 20 March 2026

Assayha, Life Imprisonment and Executions The campaign to Report a Collaborator terrifies, 29 May 2025, https://assayha.net/en/161415/ , accessed 7 February 2026

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