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Al Jazeera, Nigeria says troops kill dozens of gunmen in northwest and northeast, 10 July 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/10/nigeria-says-troops-kill-dozens-of-gunmen-in-northwest-and-northeast, accessed 3 September 2025

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Amnesty International, Plateau: Killing of 51 People Is an Inexcusable Security Failure, 14 April 2025, https://www.amnesty.org.ng/2025/04/14/plateau-killing-of-51-people-is-an-inexcusable-security-failure/, accessed 3 September 2025

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Angalapu, D. and Ojewale, O., Mining and extractives / Poverty fuels child labour at Nigeria’s illegal oil refineries, ENACT, 24 July 2025, https://enactafrica.org/enact-observer/poverty-fuels-child-labour-at-nigeria-s-illegal-oil-refineries, accessed 3 September 2025

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AP (Associated Press), Clash between Nigerian security forces and members of pro-Palestinian group kill 6, 29 March 2025, https://apnews.com/article/nigeria-police-muslim-group-clash-palestinians-c170559c98687b7f4a73a391e7dd73a8, accessed 3 September 2025

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Blueprint, Senate declares Yelewata, Mangu massacre, act of terrorism, tables demand, 26 June 2025, https://blueprint.ng/senate-declares-yelewata-mangu-massacre-act-of-terrorism-tables-demand/, accessed 3 September 2025

Business Day, 1,107 killed, 27,330 farms destroyed as Irigwe tribe in Plateau faces extinction, 7 April 2025, https://businessday.ng/news/article/1107-killed-27330-farms-destroyed-as-irigwe-tribe-in-plateau-faces-extinction/, accessed 3 September 2025

Business Day, Another explosion hits gas facility in Rivers amid ongoing crisis, 23 March 2025, https://businessday.ng/news/article/another-explosion-hits-gas-facility-in-rivers-amid-ongoing-crisis/, accessed 3 September 2025

Business Day, Assembly wants community watch in all senatorial districts of Akwa Ibom, 25 May 2025, https://businessday.ng/news/article/assembly-wants-community-watch-in-all-senatorial-districts-of-akwa-ibom/, accessed 3 September 2025

Business Day, Bauchi woos investors with security, guarantees, business-friendly reforms, 1 July 2025, https://businessday.ng/news/article/bauchi-woos-investors-with-security-guarantees-business-friendly-reforms/, accessed 3 September 2025

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Business Day, Troops rescue 16 kidnapped passengers along Jos–Mangu Road in a night operation, 15 April 2025, https://businessday.ng/news/article/troops-rescue-16-kidnapped-passengers-along-jos-mangu-road-in-a-night-operation/, accessed 3 September 2025

Business Day, Vigilante groups kill 30 bandits in Zamfara ambush, 6 April 2025, https://businessday.ng/news/article/vigilante-groups-kill-30-bandits-in-zamfara-ambush/, accessed 3 September 2025

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Channels TV, 10 Killed In Fresh Plateau Attack Linked To Cattle Rustling, Farm Destruction, 15 May 2025, https://www.channelstv.com/2025/05/15/10-killed-in-fresh-plateau-attack-linked-to-cattle-rustling-farm-destruction/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, 23 Bandits Surrender, One Killed As Troops Recover Arms In Taraba, 3 February 2025, https://www.channelstv.com/2025/02/03/twenty-three-bandits-surrender-one-killed-as-troops-recover-arms-in-taraba/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, 29 Persons Abducted As Bandits In Military Camouflage Attack Katsina Community, 22 January 2024, https://www.channelstv.com/2024/01/22/29-persons-abducted-as-bandits-in-military-camouflage-attack-katsina-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, Another Two Beheaded In Ebonyi Community Attack, 20 May 2024, https://www.channelstv.com/2024/05/20/another-two-beheaded-in-ebonyi-community-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

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Channels TV, Bandits Kill One, Kidnap District Head, Others In Kebbi, 6 October 2024, https://www.channelstv.com/2024/10/06/bandits-kill-one-kidnap-district-head-others-in-kebbi/, accessed 3 September 2025

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Channels TV, Gunmen Abduct 76-Year-Old Retired Major In Kogi, 22 May 2025, https://www.channelstv.com/2025/05/22/gunmen-abduct-76-year-old-retired-major-in-kogi, accessed 3 September 2025

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Channels TV, Gunmen Attack Nasarawa Supermarket, Kill Four, 3 January 2024, https://www.channelstv.com/2024/01/03/gunmen-attack-nasarawa-supermarket-kill-four/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, Gunmen free seven inmates in Imo prison, 12 February 2024, https://www.channelstv.com/2024/02/12/just-in-gunmen-free-seven-inmates-in-imo-prison-attack-kill-cop/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, Gunmen Kill Three Police Officers, One FRSC Official In Fresh Enugu Attack, 13 May 2024, https://www.channelstv.com/2024/05/13/gunmen-kill-three-police-officers-one-frsc-official-in-fresh-enugu-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, ISWAP Kills 23 Farmers, Abducts 18 Others In Borno, 16 May 2025, https://www.channelstv.com/2025/05/16/iswap-kills-23-farmers-abducts-18-others-in-borno/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, Kaduna Residents Demand State Police To Curb Banditry, Kidnapping, 27 February 2024, https://www.channelstv.com/2024/02/27/kaduna-residents-demand-state-police-to-curb-banditry-kidnapping/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, Kwara Vigilante Commander Killed During Rescue Of Kidnapped Victims, 2 October 2024, https://www.channelstv.com/2024/10/02/kwara-vigilante-commander-killed-during-rescue-of-kidnapped-victims/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, Lawyers Protest Against Police Brutality In Lagos, 11 January 2024, https://www.channelstv.com/2024/01/11/lawyers-protest-against-police-brutality-in-lagos/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, Military Launches Operation ‘Whirl Stroke’ In Benue, 18 May 2028, https://www.channelstv.com/2018/05/18/military-launches-operation-whirl-stroke-in-benue/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, NAF Air Strike Destroys Terrorists’ Camp In Kaduna, Katsina States, 4 June 2024, https://www.channelstv.com/2024/06/04/naf-air-strike-destroys-terrorists-camp-in-kaduna-katsina-states/, accessed 3 September 2025

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Channels TV, Police, Army, Fulani Vigilantes Rescue Three Kidnap Victims In Kogi Forest Raid, 19 May 2025, https://www.channelstv.com/2025/05/19/police-army-fulani-vigilantes-rescue-three-kidnap-victims-in-kogi-forest-raid, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, Police, Army, Fulani Vigilantes Rescue Three Kidnap Victims In Kogi Forest Raid, 19 May 2025, https://www.channelstv.com/2025/05/19/police-army-fulani-vigilantes-rescue-three-kidnap-victims-in-kogi-forest-raid/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, Security Operatives Clash With Protesters In Gwagwalada, Abuja, 2 August 2024, https://www.channelstv.com/2024/08/02/security-operatives-clash-with-protesters-in-gwagwalada/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, Security Operatives Kill 12 Bandits, Recover Weapons In Katsina, 19 June 2025, https://www.channelstv.com/2025/06/19/security-operatives-kill-12-bandits-recover-weapons-in-katsina/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, Soldiers Killing: Army Raids IPOB Camp In Abia, Neutralises Six, 9 June 2024, https://www.channelstv.com/2024/06/09/killing-of-soldiers-army-raids-ipob-camp-in-abia-nuetralises-six/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, Suspected Cultists Kill Three Brothers In Anambra, 2 November 2024, https://www.channelstv.com/2024/11/02/suspected-cultists-kill-three-brothers-in-anambra/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, Troops Foil Bandit Attack, Arrest Two Suspects In Taraba, 12 December 2024, https://www.channelstv.com/2024/12/12/troops-foil-bandit-attack-arrest-two-suspects-in-taraba/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, Uproar As Wuse Market Shut Down After Fire Outbreak, 13 March 2024, https://www.channelstv.com/2024/03/13/uproar-as-wuse-market-shut-down-after-fire-outbreak/, accessed 3 September 2025

Channels TV, Why Security Has Improved In Zamfara – Gov Lawal, 14 May 2025, https://www.channelstv.com/2025/05/14/why-security-has-improved-in-zamfara-gov-lawal/, accessed 3 September 2025

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CrossRiverWatch, Pregnant Woman Abducted By Suspected Kidnappers In Cross River, 5 October 2024, https://crossriverwatch.com/2024/10/pregnant-woman-abducted-by-suspected-kidnappers-in-cross-river/, accessed 3 September 2025

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Daily Champion, Enugu police foil armed robbery attack, neutralise suspect, recover firearms, 9 August 2025, https://championnews.com.ng/2025/08/09/enugu-police-foil-armed-robbery-attack-neutralise-suspect-recover-firearms/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Champion, Gunmen ambush pipeline surveillance workers in Bayelsa, kill One, injure others, 18 March 2025, https://championnews.com.ng/2025/03/18/gunmen-ambush-pipeline-surveillance-workers-in-bayelsa-kill-one-injure-others/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Champion, Many reported dead as herdsmen attack Enugu, Abia communities, 18 June 2025, https://championnews.com.ng/2025/06/18/many-reported-dead-as-herdsmen-attack-enugu-abia-communities/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, 10 killed, houses destroyed in attack on community, 2 May 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/05/02/10-killed-houses-destroyed-in-attack-on-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, 15 dead as Mera community, terrorist group clash in Kebbi, 9 November 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/11/09/15-dead-as-mera-community-terrorist-group-clash-in-kebbi/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, 2 residents hit by stray bullets in attack on Adamawa community, 24 January 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/01/24/2-residents-hit-by-stray-bullets-in-attack-on-adamawa-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, 31 rescued, 7 still missing after night kidnap on Kogi highway, 9 May 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/05/09/31-rescued-7-still-missing-after-night-kidnap-on-kogi-highway/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, 60 bandits, 21 residents, 13 vigilantes killed in Bauchi attack – Gov Mohammed confirms, 15 May 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/05/15/60-bandits-21-residents-13-vigilantes-killed-in-bauchi-attack-gov-mohammed-confirms/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, 8 dead as rival cults clashed in Benue, 9 February 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/09/8-dead-as-rival-cults-clashed-in-benue/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Abia community deserted after unknown gunmen attack on military checkpoint, 18 November 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/11/18/abia-community-deserted-after-unknown-gunmen-attack-on-military-checkpoint/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Abia, Cross River communal clashes: Youths ask for military barrack in disputed area, 14 May 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/05/14/abia-cross-river-communal-clashes-youths-ask-for-military-barrack-in-disputed-area/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Adamawa: Boko Haram hit Hong again, destroy facilities, hoist flags, 19 April 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/19/adamawa-boko-haram-hit-hong-again-destroy-facilities-hoist-flags/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Again, suspected herdsmen kill 11 in Benue community, 22 April 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/22/again-suspected-herdsmen-kill-11-in-benue-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Akwa Ibom: Ibeno communities protest over incessant attacks, 14 February 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/14/akwa-ibom-ibeno-communities-protest-over-incessant-attacks/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Alleged Invasion of bandits: Ogun beefs up security to fight banditry, 10 January 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/01/10/alleged-invasion-of-bandits-ogun-beefs-up-security-to-fight-banditry/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Army storms bandits’ hideouts in Benue, destroys Konyo Mbise’s camp, 19 May 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/05/19/army-storms-bandits-hideouts-in-benue-destroys-konyo-mbises-camp/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Bandits ambush commercial vehicle on Kebbi-Sokoto road, kill passenger, 4 April 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/04/bandits-ambush-commercial-vehicle-on-kebbi-sokoto-road-kill-passenger/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Bandits ambush vigilante team, kill four, cart away weapons, uniforms in Plateau, 30 July 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/07/30/bandits-ambush-vigilante-team-kill-four-cart-away-weapons-uniforms-in-plateau/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Bandits ambush, kill over 70 vigilante members in Plateau, 8 July 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/07/08/bandits-ambush-kill-over-70-vigilante-members-in-plateau/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Bandits kill scores, kidnap others, rustle cows in Kebbi State, 17 June 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/17/bandits-kill-scores-kidnap-others-rustle-cows-in-kebbi-state/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Bandits kill two vigilantes, kidnap woman in Kogi, 24 March 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/03/24/bandits-kill-two-vigilantes-kidnap-woman-in-kogi/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Bandits leader releases 142 victims to govt in Zamfara amid peace talk, 28 August 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/08/28/bandits-leader-releases-142-victims-to-govt-in-zamfara-amid-peace-talk/, accessed 2 September 2025

Daily Post, Bandits set farms on fire, destroy harvested maize in Kaduna, 12 November 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/11/12/bandits-set-farms-on-fire-destroy-harvested-maize-in-kaduna/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Bandits strike in Kwara community, three kidnapped, 8 July 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/07/08/bandits-strike-in-kwara-community-three-kidnapped/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Clash of interest: Police, NSCDC have clear roles under the constitution – Tunji-Ojo, 1 March 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/03/01/clash-of-interest-police-nscdc-have-clear-roles-under-the-constitution-tunji-ojo/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Communal Clash: Adamawa Assembly seeks security task forces in Lamurde, Numan LGAs, 22 July 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/07/22/communal-clash-adamawa-assembly-seeks-security-task-forces-in-lamurde-numan-lgas/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Community in Kaduna decries incessant attacks, kidnappings by bandits, 1 February 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/01/community-in-kaduna-decries-incessant-attacks-kidnappings-by-bandits/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Deputy Superintendent of Corrections, 15 others kidnapped, 25 November 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/11/25/deputy-superintendent-of-corrections-15-others-kidnapped, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Ezza indigenes killed, others missing in fresh attack on Benue community, 19 April 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/19/ezza-indigenes-killed-others-missing-in-fresh-attack-on-benue-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Four Fulani leaders killed so far in Kwara – MACBAN laments, 12 March 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/03/12/four-fulani-leaders-killed-so-far-in-kwara-macban-laments/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Gombe Easter truck accident was deliberate attack – Panel, 30 April 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/30/gombe-easter-truck-accident-was-deliberate-attack-panel/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Group stages protest over insecurity, activities of vigilante in Anambra, 22 August 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/08/22/group-stages-protest-over-insecurity-activities-of-vigilante-in-anambra/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Gunmen abduct 60-year-old farmer, kill son in Kaduna village, 3 July 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/07/03/gunmen-abduct-60-year-old-farmer-kill-son-in-kaduna-village/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Gunmen attack Gombe village, kill one, burn several houses, 13 December 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/12/13/gunmen-attack-gombe-village-kill-one-burn-several-houses/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Gunmen in Army uniform kill soldier, driver in Abia construction site attack, 13 July 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/07/13/gunmen-in-army-uniform-kill-soldier-driver-in-abia-construction-site-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Gunmen kidnap varsity lecturer, attack businessman in Taraba, 1 August 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/08/01/gunmen-kidnap-varsity-lecturer-attack-businessman-in-taraba/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Gunmen kill 2 policemen, four others in Enugu community, 6 May 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/05/06/gunmen-kill-2-policemen-four-others-in-enugu-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Gunmen kill 3 farmers in Edo, 6 November 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/11/06/gunmen-kill-3-farmers-in-edo/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Gunmen kill 4, injure 2 at Kwara motor park, 22 April 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/22/gunmen-kill-4-injure-2-at-kwara-motor-park/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Herdsmen invade Benue community, kill 13, 10 July 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/07/10/herdsmen-invade-benue-community-kill-13/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Herdsmen murder four persons in Enugu community, 10 June 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/10/herdsmen-murder-four-persons-in-enugu-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Houses destroyed as Adamawa villages clash over boundary, 15 March 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/03/15/houses-destroyed-as-adamawa-villages-clash-over-boundary/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Hunters rescue 5 kidnap victims, gun down bandit in Kogi, 16 March 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/03/16/hunters-rescue-5-kidnap-victims-gun-down-bandit-in-kogi/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Insecurity: Adamawa Gov, Fintiri imposes 24-hour curfew on LG, 12 July 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/07/12/insecurity-adamawa-gov-fintiri-imposes-24-hour-curfew-on-lg/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Insecurity: Ebonyi Govt asks security agencies to set up joint task force, 11 March 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/03/11/insecurity-ebonyi-govt-asks-security-agencies-to-set-up-joint-task-force/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Insecurity: Nasarawa Govt moves to establish surveillance bases, 18 June 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/18/insecurity-nasarawa-govt-moves-to-establish-surveillance-bases/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Kaduna community protest incessant terrorist attacks, 13 February 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/13/kaduna-community-protest-incessant-terrorist-attacks/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Kaduna security forces rescue 23 kidnapped victims in Kajuru LGA, 3 February 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/03/kaduna-security-forces-rescue-23-kidnapped-victims-in-kajuru-lga/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Kaduna: 10 bandits killed in violent clash between rival factions, 10 April 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/10/kaduna-10-bandits-killed-in-violent-clash-between-rival-factions/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Kaduna: Adara community cries out as militia kill two, abduct 17 others, 10 August 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/08/10/kaduna-adara-community-cries-out-as-militia-kill-two-abduct-17-others/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Katsina police foil bandit attack on Dutsinma-Kurfi highway, 24 February 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/24/katsina-police-foil-bandit-attack-on-dutsinma-kurfi-highway/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Katsina: Bandits block Kankara–Dutsin-Ma road, kidnap entire vehicle, 29 April 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/29/katsina-bandits-block-kankara-dutsin-ma-road-kidnap-entire-vehicle/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Kidnap, killing of teenager in Ekiti community painful – Oyebanji mourns, 12 February 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/12/kidnap-killing-of-teenager-in-ekiti-community-painful-oyebanji-mourns/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Kidnappers attack vehicle, abduct passengers in Taraba, 5 August 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/08/05/kidnappers-attack-vehicle-abduct-passengers-in-taraba/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Kogi Assembly committee brokers peace to end Bassa Kwomu-Egbira Mozum crisis, 21 February 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/21/kogi-assembly-committee-brokers-peace-to-end-bassa-kwomu-egbira-mozum-crisis/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Lagos CP orders investigation into release of six suspected cult killers, 15 June 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/15/lagos-cp-orders-investigation-into-release-of-six-suspected-cult-killers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Lagos cult clash turns deadly as stray bullet kills 16-year-old boy, 24 April 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/24/lagos-cult-clash-turns-deadly-as-stray-bullet-kills-16-year-old-boy/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Lawmakers demand security beef-up in Nasarawa over escalating killings, 24 December 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/12/24/lawmakers-demand-security-beef-up-in-nasarawa-over-escalating-killings/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Mahmuda terrorists resume attack, kill three in Kwara community, 3 June 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/03/mahmuda-terrorists-resume-attack-kill-three-in-kwara-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Man killed in Niger as bandits’ explosive device detonates, 11 March 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/03/11/man-killed-in-niger-as-bandits-explosive-device-detonates/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Many killed as soldiers, bandits exchange gunfire in Kaduna, Niger, 25 June 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/25/many-killed-as-soldiers-bandits-exchange-gunfire-in-kaduna-niger/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Military reinforces troops in North Central with new combat vehicles, motorcycles, 20 June 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/20/military-reinforces-troops-in-north-central-with-new-combat-vehicles-motorcycles/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Mob burns tricycle of alleged phone thieves in Kano, 19 January 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/01/19/mob-burns-tricycle-of-alleged-phone-thieves-in-kano/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Mob justice: Kano community kills ‘yan 6’ gang member after robbery spree, 3 February 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/03/mob-justice-kano-community-kills-yan-6-gang-member-after-robbery-spree/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, NAF airstrikes destroys bandit camps in Niger, many neutralized, 12 March 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/03/12/naf-airstrikes-destroys-bandit-camps-in-niger-many-neutralized/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, NAF, Army raid bandits’ camp in Kebbi, kill dozens, rescue kidnap victims, 18 July 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/07/18/naf-army-raid-bandits-camp-in-kebbi-kill-dozens-rescue-kidnap-victims/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Nasarawa communal clash: Police arrest two suspects in Farin Dutse, restore normalcy, 11 March 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/03/11/nasarawa-communal-clash-police-arrest-two-suspects-in-farin-dutse-restore-normalcy/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Nigerian Army arrests 12 suspected terrorists in Kwara, 12 May 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/05/12/nigerian-army-arrests-12-suspected-terrorists-in-kwara/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Notorious cult group invades Bayelsa community, kills three, 9 January 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/01/09/notorious-cult-group-invades-bayelsa-community-kills-three/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Ondo: Cultist on police’s wanted list killed in cult clash, 19 January 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/01/19/ondo-cultist-on-polices-wanted-list-killed-in-cult-clash/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, One dead, others injured as rival cult groups clash in Delta community, 17 February 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/17/one-dead-others-injured-as-rival-cult-groups-clash-in-delta-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, One dead, policeman injured as hoodlums clash with police in Gombe, 19 April 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/19/one-dead-policeman-injured-as-hoodlums-clash-with-police-in-gombe/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Osun govt urges dialogue, patience in Oyo boundary dispute resolution, 17 June 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/17/osun-govt-urges-dialogue-patience-in-oyo-boundary-dispute-resolution/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Osun: Police arrest suspected cultists, armed robbers, vandals, 26 June 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/26/osun-police-arrest-suspected-cultists-armed-robbers-vandals/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Over 150 residents displaced as bandits hit communities in Sokoto, 27 August 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/08/27/over-150-residents-displaced-as-bandits-hit-communities-in-sokoto/, accessed 2 September 2025

Daily Post, Over 30 gunmen attack Bauchi community, abduct residents, injure others, 7 July 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/07/07/over-30-gunmen-attack-bauchi-community-abduct-residents-injure-others/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Panic as bandits abduct nurses, patients in Kaduna hospital, 9 September 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/09/09/panic-as-bandits-abduct-nurses-patients-in-kaduna-hospital/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Plateau: Gunmen attack Barkin Ladi, kill six, 6 May 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/05/06/plateau-gunmen-attack-barkin-ladi-kill-six/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Police confirm killing of 3 persons as rival cult groups clash in Ebonyi community, 31 January 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/01/31/police-confirm-killing-of-3-persons-as-rival-cult-groups-clash-in-ebonyi-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Police confirm killing of four cops, two civilians in Ebonyi, 8 March 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/03/08/police-confirm-killing-of-four-cops-two-civilians-in-ebonyi/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Police deny abduction of 200 persons on Abuja-Kaduna road, 5 June 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/05/police-deny-abduction-of-200-persons-on-abuja-kaduna-road/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Police foil kidnapping attempt, neutralise four suspects on Lagos-Ibadan Expressway road, 22 February 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/22/police-foil-kidnapping-attempt-neutralise-four-suspects-on-lagos-ibadan-expressway-road/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Police nab 8 over alleged ritual killing in Oyo, 16 August 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/08/16/police-nab-8-over-alleged-ritual-killing-in-oyo/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Police neutralise eight bandits, arrest rescue 207 abducted children, 20 January 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/01/20/police-neutralise-eight-bandits-arrest-rescue-207-abducted-children/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Police parade 23 suspected cultists, child abductors in Edo, 15 November 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/11/15/police-parade-23-suspected-cultists-child-abductors-in-edo/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Police rescue two kidnapped university students in Nasarawa, 2 April 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/02/police-rescue-two-kidnapped-university-students-in-nasarawa/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Residents panic as armed robbers invade Taraba community, 21 July 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/07/21/residents-panic-as-armed-robbers-invade-taraba-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Rising Insecurity: Osun govt to engage monarchs, 17 March 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/03/17/rising-insecurity-osun-govt-to-engage-monarchs/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Rivalry cult clash leaves 5 dead in Cross River farming community, 29 April 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/29/rivalry-cult-clash-leaves-5-dead-in-cross-river-farming-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Soldiers reportedly beat Nasarawa Polytechnic student to death over alleged cultism, 14 September 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/09/14/soldiers-reportedly-beat-nasarawa-polytechnic-student-to-death-over-alleged-cultism/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Stray bullet kills 12-year-old boy during cult clash in Lagos, 4 July 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/07/04/stray-bullet-kills-12-year-old-boy-during-cult-clash-in-lagos/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Student killed, others injured as rival cults clash in FUTO, 1 March 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/03/01/student-killed-others-injured-as-rival-cults-clash-in-futo/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Suspected Boko Haram terrorists attack Adamawa community, raze buildings, 26 February 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/26/suspected-boko-haram-terrorists-attack-adamawa-community-raze-buildings/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Suspected ethnic militias invade Edo community, 13 May 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/05/13/suspected-ethnic-militias-invade-edo-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Suspected gunmen kill cows, abduct children from Plateau herders’ settlement, 7 July 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/07/07/suspected-gunmen-kill-cows-abduct-children-from-plateau-herders-settlement/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Tension heightens as new wave of insecurity sweeps Anambra, 16 July 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/07/16/tension-heightens-as-new-wave-of-insecurity-sweeps-anambra/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Tension in Akwa Ibom as army officer shoots villager during clash with diesel thieves, 26 February 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/26/tension-in-akwa-ibom-as-army-officer-shoots-villager-during-clash-with-diesel-thieves/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Three gunned down as Nigerian soldiers, bandits clash in Kaduna, 4 November 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/11/04/three-gunned-down-as-nigerian-soldiers-bandits-clash-in-kaduna/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Three killed as gunmen attack two towns in Anambra, repelled from burning police station, 9 July 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/07/09/three-killed-as-gunmen-attack-two-towns-in-anambra-repelled-from-burning-police-station/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Troops dislodge Mamuda-led bandits in Niger’s Dekara forest, 12 March 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/03/12/troops-dislodge-mamuda-led-bandits-in-nigers-dekara-forest/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Troops eliminate kidnappers, rescue abducted mother, daughter in Plateau, 26 February 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/02/26/troops-eliminate-kidnappers-rescue-abducted-mother-daughter-in-plateau/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Troops free kidnaped victims in Zamfara, 2 September 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/09/02/troops-free-kidnaped-victims-in-zamfara-2/, accessed 2 September 2025

Daily Post, Troops of Operation Whirl Stroke arrest two armed men in Benue, 4 July 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/07/04/troops-of-operation-whirl-stroke-arrest-two-armed-men-in-benue/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Troops rescue abducted soldier, 7 others along Jos–Makurdi highway, 5 August 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/08/05/troops-rescue-abducted-soldier-7-others-along-jos-makurdi-highway/

Daily Post, Vigilantes rescue kidnap victims in Taraba, 18 March 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/03/18/vigilantes-rescue-kidnap-victims-in-taraba/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Yelewata: List of 127 persons killed in Benue community, 16 June 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/06/16/yelewata-list-of-127-persons-killed-in-yelewata-benue-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Youths attack Fulani settlement in Kwara, accuse residents of aiding kidnappers, 18 April 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/04/18/youths-attack-fulani-settlement-in-kwara-accuse-residents-of-aiding-kidnappers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Post, Yuletide: Nigerians jittery over incessant kidnappings on highways, 12 December 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/12/12/yuletide-nigerians-jittery-over-incessant-kidnappings-on-highways/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, ‘Wanted’ suspected bandit killed in gun duel with police in FCT, 13 March 2025, https://dailytrust.com/wanted-suspected-bandit-killed-in-gun-duel-with-police-in-fct/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, 1 killed as herders, villagers fight over water pond in Abuja community, 6 March 2025, https://dailytrust.com/1-killed-as-herders-villagers-fight-over-water-pond-in-abuja-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, 11 Killed, 31 Houses Burnt as ethnic crisis breaks out in Jigawa, 8 January 2025, https://dailytrust.com/11-killed-31-houses-burnt-as-ethnic-crisis-breaks-out-in-jigawa/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, 148 Niger farmers still in captivity 53 days after abduction, 16 July 2024, https://dailytrust.com/148-niger-farmers-still-in-captivity-53-days-after-abduction/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, 25 killed as bandits, vigilantes clash in Bauchi, 6 May 2025, https://dailytrust.com/25-killed-as-bandits-vigilantes-clash-in-bauchi/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, 3 Lagos cultists arrested in military uniforms, 22 January 2024, https://dailytrust.com/3-lagos-cultists-arrested-in-military-uniforms/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, 30 killed in Taraba communal clash, 26 May 2025, https://dailytrust.com/30-killed-in-taraba-communal-clash/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, 7 killed in fresh Benue attacks, 7 May 2025, https://dailytrust.com/7-killed-in-fresh-benue-attacks/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, 7 killed, 3 abducted in fresh Benue attack, 25 April 2025, https://dailytrust.com/7-killed-3-abducted-in-fresh-benue-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, 8 killed, houses burnt in fresh Plateau attack, 16 May 2025, https://dailytrust.com/8-killed-houses-burnt-in-fresh-plateau-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, 9 dead, many injured in Nasarawa attack, 13 January 2025, https://dailytrust.com/9-dead-many-injured-in-nasarawa-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, 9 killed as cultists clash on 7/7 day, 9 July 2024, https://dailytrust.com/9-killed-as-cultists-clash-on-7-7-day/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Abducted Niger women return with pregnancies, babies, 17 July 2025, https://dailytrust.com/abducted-niger-women-return-with-pregnancies-babies/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Abductors of 9 Nasarawa villagers demand N50m, 29 August 2024, https://dailytrust.com/abductors-of-9-nasarawa-villagers-demand-n50m/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Abductors of APC nat’l director demand N350m ransom, 12 February 2025, https://dailytrust.com/abductors-of-apc-natl-director-demand-n350m-ransom/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, After killing Abuja village head, kidnappers reduce ransom on grandchildren, 19 March 2025, https://dailytrust.com/after-killing-abuja-village-head-kidnappers-reduce-ransom-on-grandchildren/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Airstrike kills 10 Sokoto villagers, 26 December 2024, https://dailytrust.com/airstrike-kills-10-sokoto-villagers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Army Takes Control of Operational Base in Kogi Community, 12 October 2024, https://dailytrust.com/army-takes-control-of-operational-base-in-kogi-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Banditry: Nasarawa bans ethnic vigilante groups, 16 April 2024, https://dailytrust.com/banditry-nasarawa-bans-ethnic-vigilante-groups/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Bandits attack church camp in Nasarawa, kill 3 worshippers, 17 March 2025, https://dailytrust.com/bandits-attack-church-camp-in-nasarawa-kill-3-worshippers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Bandits kill herder, abduct 2 others near Bwari, 30 January 2025, https://dailytrust.com/bandits-kill-herder-abduct-2-others-near-bwari/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Bandits still in our community 4 days after attack, Niger farmers cry out, 28 May 2024, https://dailytrust.com/bandits-still-in-our-community-4-days-after-attack-niger-farmers-cry-out/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Bayelsa: How pirates killed 2, abducted 4, injured many in 4 months, 13 May 2025, https://dailytrust.com/bayelsa-how-pirates-killed-2-abducted-4-injured-many-in-4-months/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Challenges of policing Nigeria, 19 July 2018, https://dailytrust.com/challenges-of-policing-nigeria-261616/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Concerns over resurgence of thug clashes in Kano, 11 December 2024, https://dailytrust.com/concerns-over-resurgence-of-thug-clashes-in-kano/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Cultists having a field day in Kwara, 22 June 2024, https://dailytrust.com/cultists-having-a-field-day-in-kwara/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, DSS, military ‘gun down 45 bandits’ in Niger, 4 June 2025, https://dailytrust.com/dss-military-gun-down-45-bandits-in-niger/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Explosion Kills Farmer in Niger, 7 December 2024, https://dailytrust.com/explosion-kills-farmer-in-niger/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Farmers-pastoralists’ clashes leave pregnant woman, 10 others dead in Nasarawa, 13 March 2025, https://dailytrust.com/farmers-pastoralists-clashes-leave-pregnant-woman-10-others-dead-in-nasarawa/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Four soldiers gunned down as Boko Haram invades military base in Yobe, 3 May 2025, https://dailytrust.com/four-soldiers-gunned-down-as-boko-haram-invades-military-base-in-yobe/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Fulani community accuses army of burning houses, killing cattle in Plateau, 30 March 2024, https://dailytrust.com/fulani-community-accuses-army-of-burning-houses-killing-cattle-in-plateau/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Gang kills final year Nasarawa Varsity law student, 27 July 2024, https://dailytrust.com/gang-kills-nasarawa-varsity-final-year-law-student/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Gunmen abduct 10 passengers in Benue, 2 June 2025, https://dailytrust.com/gunmen-abduct-10-passengers-in-benue/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Gunmen abduct 12 Benue Links passengers, 24 June 2025, https://dailytrust.com/gunmen-abduct-12-benue-links-passengers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Gunmen invade Kogi community, abduct timber contractor, 5 others, 29 March 2025, https://dailytrust.com/gunmen-invade-kogi-community-abduct-timber-contractor-5-others/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Gunmen kill 19-year-old after collecting N17m ransom in Nasarawa, 3 September 2024, https://dailytrust.com/gunmen-kill-19-year-old-after-collecting-n17m-ransom-in-nasarawa/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Gunmen kill 2 persons, cattle in Plateau, 14 August 2025, https://dailytrust.com/gunmen-kill-2-persons-cattle-in-plateau/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Gunmen kill 2 vigilantes in FCT, 14 March 2025, https://dailytrust.com/gunmen-kill-2-vigilantes-in-fct/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Gunmen kill 2 vigilantes in reprisal attack near FCT, 11 July 2025, https://dailytrust.com/gunmen-kill-2-vigilantes-in-reprisal-attack-near-fct/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Gunmen kill husband, abduct wife days after wedding, 25 April 2025, https://dailytrust.com/gunmen-kill-husband-abduct-wife-days-after-wedding/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Herder cuts farmer’s hand in Kogi community, 7 November 2024, https://dailytrust.com/herder-cuts-farmers-hand-in-kogi-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, How B/Haram IED explosions killed 121 civilians, soldiers in 16 months, 9 July 2025, https://dailytrust.com/how-b-haram-ied-explosions-killed-121-civilians-soldiers-in-16-months/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, How Plateau conflict cost herders over N300m in 2 months, 3 May 2025, https://dailytrust.com/plateau-attacks-how-plateau-conflict-cost-herders-over-n300m-in-2-months/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, How suspected cultists killed 15 in 4 months in Bayelsa, 23 April 2025, https://dailytrust.com/how-suspected-cultists-killed-15-in-4-months-in-bayelsa/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, I can end banditry in 2 months – Zamfara gov, 4 September 2025, https://dailytrust.com/i-can-end-banditry-in-2-months-zamfara-gov/, accessed 4 September 2025

Daily Trust, IGP bans Edo Security Network from gov’ship poll, 12 September 2024, https://dailytrust.com/igp-bans-edo-security-network-from-govship-poll/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Insecurity: Kogi Gov’t to recruit over 1000 hunters, 19 June 2024, https://dailytrust.com/insecurity-kogi-govt-to-recruit-over-1000-hunters/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, INSECURITY: Many bandits killed in clash with vigilantes in Plateau, 19 June 2025, https://dailytrust.com/insecurity-many-bandits-killed-in-clash-with-vigilantes-in-plateau/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Insecurity: Military establishes new commands in Kaduna, 27 June 2024, https://dailytrust.com/insecurity-military-establishes-new-commands-in-kaduna/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Kano: Kunchi residents welcome renaming of LGA, 6 January 2024, https://dailytrust.com/kano-kunchi-residents-welcome-renaming-of-lga/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Kebbi: Lakurawa kills 13 in revenge mission, 11 March 2025, https://dailytrust.com/kebbi-lakurawa-kills-13-in-revenge-mission/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Kidnappers abduct village head, grandchildren, 5 others in Abuja, 12 March 2025, https://dailytrust.com/kidnappers-abduct-village-head-grandchildren-5-others-in-abuja/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Kidnappers kill pastor’s son, abduct wife near Abuja, 18 February 2025, https://dailytrust.com/kidnappers-kill-pastors-son-abduct-wife-near-abuja/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Kidnappers on the prowl in Kogi, amputate victims’ limbs, 26 May 2025, https://dailytrust.com/kidnappers-on-the-prowl-in-kogi-amputate-victims-limbs/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Mpape: Inside Abuja community under siege by cult, criminal gangs, 29 June 2024, https://dailytrust.com/mpape-inside-abuja-community-under-siege-by-cult-criminal-gangs/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Nigerian Law Professor shot dead, 22 April 2024, https://dailytrust.com/nigerian-law-professor-shot-dead/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Ondo Killings: When the ‘leopard’ fails to growl, 7 June 2025, https://dailytrust.com/ondo-killings-when-the-leopard-fails-to-growl/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, One killed, siblings injured as explosions rock Niger community, 19 December 2024, https://dailytrust.com/breaking-explosions-rock-niger-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Osun LG control: Tension as PDP, APC poised for fresh showdown, 16 June 2025, https://dailytrust.com/osun-lg-control-tension-as-pdp-apc-poised-for-fresh-showdown/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Plateau crisis: Residents accuse Security Operatives of extrajudicial killings, 24 January 2024, https://dailytrust.com/plateau-crisis-residents-accuse-security-operatives-of-extrajudicial-killings/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Police arrest soldiers, others over robbery, 28 May 2024, https://dailytrust.com/police-arrest-4-soldiers-civil-defence-officer-8-others-over-robbery/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Police quell cult clash in Benue, 19 September 2024, https://dailytrust.com/police-quell-cult-clash-in-benue/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Police rescue abducted 22-year-old in Yobe, 23 May 2025, https://dailytrust.com/police-rescue-abducted-22-year-old-in-yobe/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Policeman killed as officers foil kidnap of FCT council chair’s family, 10 April 2024, https://dailytrust.com/policeman-killed-as-officers-foil-kidnap-of-fct-council-chairs-family/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Policeman who raped teenager in Lagos sent to prison, 12 February 2025, https://dailytrust.com/policeman-who-raped-teenager-in-lagos-sent-to-prison/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Power outage: Bandits targeting Shiroro’s 330kV lines for long — Locals, 30 October 2024, https://dailytrust.com/power-outage-bandits-targeting-shiroros-330kv-lines-for-long-locals/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Remaining abducted Kogi varsity students freed, 2 June 2024, https://dailytrust.com/remaining-abducted-kogi-varsity-students-freed/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Residents flee as Boko Haram intensifies attacks on Adamawa villages, 29 April 2025, https://dailytrust.com/residents-flee-as-boko-haram-intensifies-attacks-on-adamawa-villages/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Residents flee as kidnappers lay siege on Kwara communities, 8 July 2025, https://dailytrust.com/residents-flee-as-kidnappers-lay-siege-on-kwara-communities/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Residents protest in Jigawa, demand commissioner’s removal, 23 August 2024, https://dailytrust.com/residents-protest-in-jigawa-demand-commissioners-removal/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Security agents foil kidnap attempt in Abuja border town, 22 October 2024, https://dailytrust.com/security-agents-foil-kidnap-attempt-in-abuja-border-town/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Security operatives have killed scores of terrorists in Rijau Local Government Area of Niger State., 24 July 2025, https://dailytrust.com/banditry-troops-kill-many-terrorists-in-niger/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Surge in abductions sparks fear among Ondo residents, 14 May 2025, https://dailytrust.com/surge-in-abductions-sparks-fear-among-ondo-residents/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Terrorists abduct over 80 in Katsina, 15 May 2024, https://dailytrust.com/terrorists-abduct-over-80-in-katsina/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Troops storm Taraba forest, sack bandits’ camp, 2 December 2024, https://dailytrust.com/troops-storm-taraba-forest-sack-bandits-camp/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Village head killed in Gombe attack, 13 December 2024, https://dailytrust.com/village-head-killed-in-gombe-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Daily Trust, Zamfara residents pay millions for safety, 22 April 2025, https://dailytrust.com/zamfara-residents-pay-millions-for-safety/, accessed 3 September 2025

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DW (Deutsche Welle), Are Nigeria's vigilantes as bad as bandits they're chasing?, 22 March 2024, https://www.dw.com/en/are-nigerias-vigilante-groups-just-as-bad-as-bandits-theyre-chasing/a-68642354, accessed 3 September 2025

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DW (Deutsche Welle), Nigeria: 'Bandits' go on killing spree in Katsina state, 20 August 2025, https://www.dw.com/en/nigeria-bandits-go-on-killing-spree-in-katsina-state/a-73709942, accessed 2 September 2025

DW (Deutsche Welle), Nigeria: Gunmen kill 14 returning from weekly market, 26 July 2025, https://www.dw.com/en/nigeria-gunmen-kill-14-returning-from-weekly-market/a-73419530, accessed 3 September 2025

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Guardian (The) Nigeria, 22 feared dead in gunmen attack on Edo farming communities, 23 February 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/22-feared-dead-in-gunmen-attack-on-edo-farming-communities/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, 887 men, 52 women arrested for crimes in Ebonyi — Police, 15 July 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/887-men-52-women-arrested-for-crimes-in-ebonyi-police/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Adamawa police arrest seven ‘Shilla gangsters’ for armed robbery, 10 June 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/adamawa-police-arrest-seven-shilla-gangsters-for-armed-robbery/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Adamawa villagers bury their dead in silence after Boko Haram attack, 21 May 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/adamawa-villagers-bury-their-dead-in-silence-after-boko-haram-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Akamkpa communal crisis deepens as aide, council chairman trade accusations, 3 March 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/akamkpa-communal-crisis-deepens-as-aide-council-chairman-trade-accusations/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Amotekun reassures residents on security situation in Ondo, 25 March 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/amotekun-reassures-residents-on-security-situation-in-ondo/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Anxiety over death of three in Lagos estate cult war, 9 January 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/anxiety-over-death-of-three-in-lagos-estate-cult-war/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Boko Haram kills 10, displaces farmers in Adamawa village, 28 April 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/boko-haram-kills-10-displaces-farmers-in-adamawa-village/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Boundary dispute ignites killing, violence among Osun, Oyo communities, 26 April 2025, https://guardian.ng/features/focus/boundary-dispute-ignites-killing-violence-among-osun-oyo-communities/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, CHRAN lauds DSS for foiling kidnapping plot against Akwa Ibom politicians, 9 June 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/chran-lauds-dss-for-foiling-kidnapping-plot-against-akwa-ibom-politicians/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Communal clash claims seven lives, properties destroyed in Nasarawa, 10 January 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/communal-clash-claims-seven-lives-properties-destroyed-in-nasarawa/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Community cries out as herders allegedly kill five farmers in Ondo, 31 January 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/community-cries-out-as-herders-allegedly-kill-five-farmers-in-ondo/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Cult war claims six lives in Bayelsa, 11 May 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/cult-war-claims-six-lives-in-bayelsa/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Diri suspends traditional ruler as cult war, robbery escalate in Bayelsa, 23 May 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/diri-suspends-traditional-ruler-as-cult-war-robbery-escalate-in-bayelsa/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Edo State Security Network stirs confusion amid insecurity concerns, 29 November 2024, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/edo-state-security-network-stirs-confusion-amid-insecurity-concerns/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Ekiti communities raise the alarm over insecurity, 22 February 2024, https://guardian.ng/news/ekiti-communities-raise-the-alarm-over-insecurity/, accessed 3 September 2025

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Guardian (The) Nigeria, Five kidnappers killed in gun duel with police along Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, 30 January 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/five-kidnappers-killed-in-gun-duel-with-police-along-lagos-ibadan-expressway/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Four killed as Osun communities renew hostility over boundary dispute, 20 June 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/four-killed-as-osun-communities-renew-hostility-over-boundary-dispute/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Fresh communal clash breaks out in Osun over land control, 28 February 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/fresh-communal-clash-breaks-out-in-osun-over-land-control/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Gunmen abduct nine surveyors in Ondo, demand N100m ransom, 11 March 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/gunmen-abduct-nine-surveyors-in-ondo-demand-n100m-ransom/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Gunmen kidnap Defence HQ official, two others in Abuja 22 March 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/gunmen-kidnap-defence-hq-official-two-others-in-abuja/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Gunmen kill eight people in Imo, 4 August 2024, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/gunmen-kill-eight-people-in-imo/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, How vigilante groups constitute danger to life despite role in security, 24 May 2025, https://guardian.ng/features/focus/how-vigilante-groups-constitute-danger-to-life-despite-role-in-security/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, HURIWA condemns second deadly attack on Catholic seminary in Edo, 14 July 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/huriwa-condemns-second-deadly-attack-on-catholic-seminary-in-edo/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Insecurity: Police launch joint task force for bush combing in Ekiti, 25 April 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/insecurity-police-launch-joint-task-force-for-bush-combing-in-ekiti/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Kidnappers kill two traditional rulers, one escapes in Ekiti, 30 January 2024, https://guardian.ng/news/kidnappers-kill-two-traditional-rulers-one-escapes-in-ekiti/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Kogi Assembly laments insecurity in Bassa LG, 30 October 2024, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/kogi-assembly-laments-insecurity-in-bassa-lg-2/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Lagos Assembly summons CP, others over renewed cult violence in Mushin, 17 June 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/lagos-assembly-summons-cp-others-over-renewed-cult-violence-in-mushin/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, LASG says Ikeja, Lagos Island, Lekki top state’s crime locations, 22 May 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/lasg-says-ikeja-lagos-island-lekki-top-states-crime-locations/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Lawmakers seek Police, military deployment in Nasarawa over killings, 24 December 2024, https://guardian.ng/news/lawmakers-seek-police-military-deployment-in-nasarawa-over-killings/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Military kills five bandits in Plateau council, 7 November 2024, https://guardian.ng/news/military-kills-five-bandits-in-plateau-council/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Nigeria police, ‘friend’ of the people, 10 June 2025, https://guardian.ng/opinion/nigeria-police-friend-of-the-people/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Northern elders decry massacre of soldiers in Niger, 28 June 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/northern-elders-decry-massacre-of-soldiers-in-niger/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, NSCDC impounds truckload of stolen crude in Rivers, 1 April 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/nscdc-impounds-truckload-of-stolen-crude-in-rivers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Ogun in the throes of insecurity as kidnapping, cultism, farmer-herder clash threaten economic stability, 14 January 2024, https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/newsfeature/ogun-in-the-throes-of-insecurity-as-kidnapping-cultism-farmer-herder-clash-threaten-economic-stability/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Ondo Amotekun arraigns 175 suspects in Q1 2025, 30 April 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/ondo-amotekun-arraigns-175-suspects-in-q1-2025/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Ondo residents protest killing of five farmers, blame herders, 20 March 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/ondo-residents-protest-killing-of-five-farmers-blame-herders/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, One arrested as cults clash in Rivers university, 10 April 2025, https://guardian.ng/joe-komolafe/one-arrested-as-cults-clash-in-rivers-university/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, One feared dead, many injured in Rivers varsity cult clash, 13 August 2024, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/one-feared-dead-many-injured-in-rivers-varsity-cult-clash/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, One killed as rival cult groups clash in Osun, 2 June 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/one-killed-as-rival-cult-groups-clash-in-osun/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Plateau to recruit 2,000 youths into security outfit, 27 November 2024, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/plateau-to-recruit-2000-youths-into-security-outfit/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Police bust kidnapping gang, rescue victim in Nasarawa, 21 March 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/police-bust-kidnapping-gang-rescue-victim-in-nasarawa/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Police confirm abduction of Oyo PDP chieftain Benedict Akika, 6 September 2024, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/police-confirm-abduction-of-oyo-pdp-chieftain-benedict-akika/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Police confirm officer killed in IMN attack, 29 March 2025, https://guardian.ng/joe-komolafe/police-confirm-officer-killed-in-imn-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Police deny aiding herdsmen as Edo community protests rising violence, 24 April 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/police-deny-aiding-herdsmen-as-edo-community-protests-rising-violence/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Police nab suspect over abduction of two, killing of Babcock lecturer, 23 April 2024, https://guardian.ng/news/police-nab-suspect-over-abduction-of-two-killing-of-babcock-lecturer/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Police rescue three kidnap victims in Lagos, 9 March 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/police-rescue-three-kidnap-victims-in-lagos/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Police strengthen border security to check influx of bandits in Ekiti, 15 January 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/police-strengthen-border-security-to-check-influx-of-bandits-in-ekiti/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Police to begin disarmament in Cross Rivers communities over killings, 23 May 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/police-to-begin-disarmament-in-cross-rivers-communities-over-killings/

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Principal beheaded as cult war rages in Akwa Ibom, 23 October 2024, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/principal-beheaded-as-cult-war-rages-in-akwa-ibom/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Protest rocks Ondo over fresh killing of farmers by herders, 9 April 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/protest-rocks-ondo-over-fresh-killing-of-farmers-by-herders/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Shock as farm attack claims two brothers in Taraba community, 6 April 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/shock-as-farm-attack-claims-two-brothers-in-taraba-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Sorrow, anguish over killing of farmers in Ondo communities, 12 March 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/sorrow-anguish-over-killing-of-farmers-in-ondo-communities/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, South-East: More laws, less security in the interior, 24 July 2025, https://guardian.ng/politics/south-east-more-laws-less-security-in-the-interior/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, South-West: Bandits, herders’ invasion puts 40% of region’s food production at risk, 20 May 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/south-west-bandits-herders-invasion-puts-40-of-regions-food-production-at-risk/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Taming menace of cultism in primary, secondary schools, 22 July 2025, https://guardian.ng/features/education/taming-menace-of-cultism-in-primary-secondary-schools-2/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Telcos alert FG to possible collapse of sector due to rise in vandalism, 17 July 2025, https://guardian.ng/technology/telecoms/telcos-alert-fg-to-possible-collapse-of-sector-due-to-rise-in-vandalism/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Terrorists kill 10 hunters, 30 others in Adamawa, Borno, 30 April 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/terrorists-kill-10-hunters-30-others-in-adamawa-borno/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Thugs kill industrialist in Gombe rampage, 9 June 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/thugs-kill-industrialist-in-gombe-rampage/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Troops kill Boko Haram top commander Abu Fatima in Borno, 31 May 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/troops-kill-boko-haram-top-commander-abu-fatima-in-borno/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The) Nigeria, Troops neutralise suspected bandit, armed robber in Plateau, 15 March 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/troops-neutralise-suspected-bandit-armed-robber-in-plateau/, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The), Fears of Boko Haram comeback stir in Nigerian birthplace of Maiduguri, 28 April 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/28/fears-boko-haram-comeback-stir-nigeria-maiduguri, accessed 3 September 2025

Guardian (The), Forty-two people killed in central Nigeria in attacks blamed on herders, 27 May 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/27/nigeria-attacks-benue, accessed 3 September 2025

Hope Newspaper (The), Kidnapping: Amotekun rescues 60-year-old Ekiti farmer, arrests suspect, 24 November 2024, http://www.thehopenewspaper.com/kidnapping-amotekun-rescues-60-year-old-ekiti-farmer-arrests-suspect/, accessed 3 September 2025

HRW (Human Rights Watch), Another Erroneous Airstrike Claims Lives in Nigeria, 13 January 2025, https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/01/13/another-erroneous-airstrike-claims-lives-nigeria, accessed 3 September 2025

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HumAngle (The Human Angle), ‘We Are Ignored’: Katsina Villagers Mourn Abduction of 50, Decry Gov’t Inaction, 8 April 2025, https://humanglemedia.com/we-are-ignored-katsina-villagers-mourn-abduction-of-50-decry-govt-inaction/, accessed 3 September 2025

HumAngle (The Human Angle), After Katsina Mosque Attack, Familiar Question Returns: Do Peace Deals Work?, 23 August 2025, https://humanglemedia.com/after-katsina-mosque-attack-familiar-question-returns-do-peace-deals-work/, accessed 2 September 2025

HumAngle (The Human Angle), Disappearing Migration Routes Fueling Farmer-Herder Violence in Northern Nigeria, 2 July 2025, https://humanglemedia.com/disappearing-migration-routes-fueling-farmer-herder-violence-in-northern-nigeria/, accessed 3 September 2025

HumAngle (The Human Angle), Heightened Security, Panic In Southwestern Nigeria Following Yoruba Nation Coup Attempt, 17 April 2024, https://humanglemedia.com/heightened-security-panic-in-southwestern-nigeria-following-yoruba-nation-coup-attempt/, accessed 3 September 2025

HumAngle (The Human Angle), ISWAP Attack Devastates Mafa In Northeast Nigeria, Leaving A Grim Toll of Death, 4 September 2024, https://humanglemedia.com/iswap-attack-devastates-mafa-in-northeast-nigeria-leaving-a-grim-toll-of-death/, accessed 3 September 2025

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HumAngle (The Human Angle), ISWAP’s ‘Tax’ System is Bleeding Farmers Dry in Northeastern Nigeria, 30 December 2024, https://humanglemedia.com/iswaps-tax-system-is-bleeding-farmers-dry-in-northeastern-nigeria/, accessed 3 September 2025

HumAngle (The Human Angle), Mob Violence Soars in Nigeria as Northern Travellers are Killed in South-South, 29 March 2025, https://humanglemedia.com/mob-violence-soars-in-nigeria-as-northern-travellers-are-killed-in-south-south/, accessed 3 September 2025

HumAngle (The Human Angle), Nigeria’s Governance Gap Widens as Ungoverned Areas Multiply, 27 June 2025, https://humanglemedia.com/nigerias-governance-gap-widens-as-ungoverned-areas-multiply/, accessed 3 September 2025

HumAngle (The Human Angle), No Simple Way Home: Displaced Sokoto Residents Driven To Despair And Frustration, 4 May 2024, https://humanglemedia.com/no-simple-way-home-displaced-sokoto-residents-driven-to-despair-and-frustration/, accessed 3 September 2025

HumAngle (The Human Angle), Plateau Mob Action: When Identity Becomes a Death Sentence in Nigeria, 25 June 2025, https://humanglemedia.com/plateau-mob-action-when-identity-becomes-a-death-sentence-in-nigeria/, accessed 3 September 2025

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HumAngle (The Human Angle), Stray Bullets Hit Villagers Protesting Over Withdrawal Of Soldiers From Sokoto Community, 31 July 2024, https://humanglemedia.com/stray-bullets-hit-villagers-protesting-over-withdrawal-of-soldiers-from-sokoto-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

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Nigerian Tribune, Jigawa: Police bust kidnapping syndicate, rescue 80-year-old victim, 21 May 2025, https://tribuneonlineng.com/jigawa-police-bust-kidnapping-syndicate-rescue-80-year-old-victim/, accessed 3 September 2025

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Nigerian Tribune, Lagos, Ogun Police form joint patrol to curb insecurity on Lagos-Ibadan expressway, 22 February 2024, https://tribuneonlineng.com/lagos-ogun-police-form-joint-patrol-to-curb-insecurity-on-lagos-ibadan-expressway/, accessed 3 September 2025

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Nigerian Tribune, Oyo: Police alert public to Black Axe’s July 7 celebration, 6 July 2025, https://tribuneonlineng.com/oyo-police-alert-public-to-black-axes-july-7-celebration/, accessed 3 September 2025

Nigerian Tribune, Oyo: Police arrest five, recover N4.6m ransom in kidnap case, 5 July 2025, https://tribuneonlineng.com/oyo-police-arrest-five-recover-n4-6m-ransom-in-kidnap-case/, accessed 3 September 2025

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PM News, Army uncovers over 40 illegal oil wells in Rivers, 29 February 2024, https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/02/29/army-uncovers-over-40-illegal-oil-wells-in-rivers/, accessed 3 September 2025

PM News, Cult gang kills 3 alleged police informants in Rivers, 22 April 2024, https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/04/22/cult-gang-kills-3-alleged-police-informants-in-rivers/, accessed 3 September 2025

PM News, Edo under siege: The untold stories behind the rise in kidnappings, robberies, 24 October 2024, https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/10/24/edo-under-siege-the-untold-stories-behind-the-rise-in-kidnappings-robberies/, accessed 3 September 2025

PM News, Gunmen raze 15 huts, shoot one in fresh Taraba clash, 8 May 2025, https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2025/05/08/gunmen-raze-15-huts-shoot-one-in-fresh-taraba-clash/, accessed 3 September 2025

PM News, Herder-Farmer crises: Tiv group says 10,000 people displaced in 4 days in Nasarawa, 30 April 2025, https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2025/04/30/herder-farmer-crises-tiv-group-says-10000-people-displaced-in-4-days-in-nasarawa/, accessed 3 September 2025

PM News, PHOTOS: Gov. Oyebanji launches Agro Marshalls to protect Ekiti farmlands, forests, 24 April 2024, https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/04/24/photos-gov-oyebanji-launches-agro-marshalls-to-protect-ekiti-farmlands-forests/, accessed 3 September 2025

PM News, Troops raid IPOB/ESN camp in Ebonyi, recover arms, 22 March 2024, https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/03/22/troops-raid-ipob-esn-camp-in-ebonyi-recover-arms/, accessed 3 September 2025

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Pointer (The), Tension As Two Cult Groups Set For Showdown In Ughelli, 20 August 2024, https://www.thepointersnewsonline.com/tension-as-two-cult-groups-set-for-showdown-in-ughelli/, accessed 3 September 2025

PR Nigeria (Press Release Nigeria), Army Launches Operation to Flush Out Bandits from Kwara-Niger Axis, 11 May 2025, https://prnigeria.com/2025/05/11/army-launches-operation/, accessed 3 September 2025

PR Nigeria (Press Release Nigeria), Enugu Police Raid IPOB/ESN Hideout, Nab 25 Militants, Recover Firearms, 26 July 2025, https://prnigeria.com/2025/07/26/enugu-police-raid-ipob-esn/, accessed 3 September 2025

PR Nigeria (Press Release Nigeria), Police Arrest Kidnap Kingpin in FCT as Bandits Attack Niger Community, 15 June 2025, https://prnigeria.com/2025/06/15/police-arrest-kidnap-kingpin/, accessed 1 October 2025

PR Nigeria (Press Release Nigeria), Six Suspects Arrested for Kidnapping, Rape, Robbery in Nasarawa, 25 July 2025, https://prnigeria.com/2025/07/25/six-suspected-arrested/, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Adamawa government imposes curfew after 10 die in communal clash over farmland, 14 July 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/807099-adamawa-government-imposes-curfew-after-10-die-in-communal-clash-over-farmland.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Angry mob attack police constable in Akwa Ibom, 13 March 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/780623-angry-mob-attack-police-constable-in-akwa-ibom.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Armed men disguised as vigilantes kidnap family of three in Abuja, 27 January 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/769859-armed-men-disguised-as-vigilantes-kidnap-family-of-three-in-abuja.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Army repels bandits’ retaliatory attack on Taraba community, 14 November 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/754263-army-repels-bandits-retaliatory-attack-on-taraba-community.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Boko Haram insurgents kill two civilians, abduct three others in Yobe, 5 February 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/665676-boko-haram-insurgents-kill-two-civilians-abduct-three-others-in-yobe.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Boko Haram strengthens presence in Niger State, as explosives kill three, injure four locals, 20 December 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/762764-boko-haram-strengthens-presence-in-niger-state-as-explosives-kill-three-injure-four-locals.html?tztc=1, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Civilian volunteers helping Nigerian forces fight insurgents. But how do they operate?, 23 October 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/747917-civilian-volunteers-helping-nigerian-forces-fight-insurgents-but-how-do-they-operate.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, EFCC chairman orders arrest of officers for assaulting woman during hotel raid, 27 June 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/707773-efcc-chairman-orders-arrest-of-officers-for-assaulting-woman-during-hotel-raid.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Ekiti recruits 400 new Amotekun, agro- marshall corps to strengthen security, 25 July 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/809682-ekiti-recruits-400-new-amotekun-agro-marshall-corps-to-strengthen-security.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Forced Labour, Child Marriage: Inside Boko Haram camps in Niger State, 1 March 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/north-central/777577-forced-labour-child-marriage-inside-boko-haram-camps-in-niger-state.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Four dead, five injured as rival cult groups engage in gun battle in Ondo, 28 May 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/797440-four-dead-five-injured-as-rival-cult-groups-engage-in-gun-battle-in-ondo.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Four killed in renewed land dispute in Ebonyi communities, 8 April 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/786542-four-killed-in-renewed-land-dispute-in-ebonyi-communities.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Gunmen abduct 20 passengers travelling on Nigerian waterways, 25 April 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/790403-gunmen-abduct-20-passengers-travelling-on-nigerian-waterways.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Gunmen kill four vigilante operatives in South-east Nigeria, 18 November 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/755401-gunmen-kill-four-vigilante-operatives-in-south-east-nigeria.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Gunmen kill four, raze houses in fresh attack in Ebonyi, 14 August 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/814150-gunmen-kill-four-raze-houses-in-fresh-attack-in-ebonyi.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Gunmen kill police inspector in Rivers, 25 April 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/689046-gunmen-kill-police-inspector-in-rivers.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Gunmen kill police officer in Rivers, 23 February 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/671138-gunmen-kill-police-officer-in-rivers.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Gunmen kill popular market leader in South-east, 14 September 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/734637-breaking-gunmen-kill-popular-market-leader-in-south-east.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Herders kill farmers, burn crop harvests in Gombe communities, 12 December 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/760877-herders-kill-farmers-burn-crop-harvests-in-gombe-communities.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, How APC leader Rauf Adeniji died in kidnappers’ den, 11 April 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/787357-how-apc-leader-rauf-adeniji-died-in-kidnappers-den.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Insecurity: Ekiti to spend N61 million to provide jackets for motorcycle, tricycle operators, 13 November 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/753997-insecurity-ekiti-to-spend-n61-million-to-provide-jackets-for-motorcycle-tricycle-operators.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Insecurity: IGP inaugurates Special Intervention Squad in FCT, 17 January 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/659834-insecurity-igp-inaugurates-special-intervention-squad-in-fct.html?tztc=1, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Insecurity: Researchers evaluate effectiveness, availability of street lighting in Lagos communities, 12 October 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/744580-insecurity-researchers-evaluate-effectiveness-availability-of-street-lighting-in-lagos-communities.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Insurgents launch 12 attacks in Borno in three weeks, 18 May 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/795200-insurgents-launch-12-attacks-in-borno-in-three-weeks.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Insurgents launch 12 attacks in Borno in three weeks, 18 May 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/795200-insurgents-launch-12-attacks-in-borno-in-three-weeks.html?tztc=1, accessed 1 October 2025

Premium Times, Kano mob attacks police station, kills DPO, raze vehicles, 27 May 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/797106-kano-mob-attacks-police-station-kills-dpo-raze-vehicles.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Kidnapped PDP politician regains freedom in Ibadan, 12 September 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/733808-kidnapped-pdp-politician-regains-freedom-in-ibadan.html?tztc=1, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Lakurawa kingpin, Maigemu, killed in Kebbi – Official, 7 March 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/779054-lakurawa-kingpin-maigemu-killed-in-kebbi-official.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Many feared killed as gunmen attack soldiers in Imo, 9 October 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/743398-many-feared-killed-as-gunmen-attack-soldiers-in-imo.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Niger lawmakers fret over influx of bandits in Rafi Local Government Area, 13 November 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/north-central/753890-niger-lawmakers-fret-over-influx-of-bandits-in-rafi-local-government-area.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Nigerian Air Force bombs terrorists frustrating repairs of Shiroro-Kaduna transmission line, 5 November 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/751967-nigerian-air-force-bombs-terrorists-frustrating-repairs-of-shiroro-kaduna-transmission-line.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Ondo community mourns as suspected herders kill farmer, 12 August 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/723440-ondo-community-mourns-as-suspected-herders-kill-farmer.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Police arrest suspected kidnappers of school pupils in Ekiti, 16 February 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/669038-police-arrest-suspected-kidnappers-of-school-pupils-in-ekiti.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Police confirm abduction of 3 UNICAL students, 31 March 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/682299-police-confirm-abduction-of-3-unical-students.html/, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Police foil attack on pipeline in Rivers, arrest suspects with bombs – Official, 25 March 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/783617-police-foil-attack-on-pipeline-in-rivers-arrest-suspects-with-bombs-official.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Police increase security at Ekiti borders to prevent bandits’ influx, 14 January 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/766843-police-increase-security-at-ekiti-borders-to-prevent-bandits-influx.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Police kill notorious cult leader in Rivers, 26 March 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/680931-police-kill-notorious-cult-leader-in-rivers.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Police kill two gunmen, arrest three others – Official, 15 January 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/659151-police-kill-two-gunmen-arrest-three-others-official.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Police prosecute nine for alleged murder, cultism, other crimes in Ondo, 12 June 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/800471-police-prosecute-nine-for-alleged-murder-cultism-other-crimes-in-ondo.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Security agencies begin search for three Christians kidnapped in Ondo, 27 May 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/797186-security-agencies-begin-search-for-three-christians-kidnapped-in-ondo.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Security agencies on red alert as unknown gunmen kill two in Ekiti, 20 June 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/705502-security-agencies-on-red-alert-as-unknown-gunmen-kill-two-in-ekiti.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, SPECIAL REPORT: Farmers feeling the brunt as kidnappers lay siege to Kwara communities, 29 June 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/803952-special-report-farmers-feeling-the-brunt-as-kidnappers-lay-siege-to-kwara-communities.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Suspected cultist dies in aftermath of cult clash in Lagos, 13 April 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/685679-suspected-cultist-dies-in-aftermath-of-cult-clash-in-lagos.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Taraba community cries out over bandits’ activities, 10 June 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/799902-taraba-community-cries-out-over-bandits-activities.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Tension as herders protest alleged land grabbing in Jigawa community, 24 December 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/763438-tension-as-herders-protest-alleged-land-grabbing-in-jigawa-community.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Terrorists kill nine traders in Katsina highway attack, 12 February 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/667766-terrorists-kill-nine-traders-in-katsina-highway-attack.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Premium Times, Vigilante group arrest gunmen terrorising Anambra residents – Official, 17 July 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/714354-vigilante-group-arrest-gunmen-terrorising-anambra-residents-official.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Pulse Wire, Mob Burns Phone Thief in Akwa Ibom, Police Rescue Another, 11 February 2025, https://www.pulsewireng.com/mob-burns-phone-thief-in-akwa-ibom-police-rescue-another/, accessed 3 September 2025

Pulse, Edo task force demolishes property belonging to kidnap informant, 8 March 2025, https://www.pulse.ng/articles/news/local/edo-task-force-demolishes-property-belonging-to-kidnap-informant-2025030805414857601, accessed 3 September 2025

Pulse, Meet 3 major tribes in Akwa-Ibom state, 19 April 2023, https://www.pulse.ng/articles/lifestyle/food-and-travel/meet-3-major-tribes-in-akwa-ibom-state-2024072610155978232, accessed 3 September 2025

Pulse, Navy arrests 2 suspected cultists in Akwa Ibom, hands them over to DSS, 20 March 2024, https://www.pulse.ng/articles/news/metro/navy-arrests-2-suspected-cultists-in-akwa-ibom-hands-them-over-to-dss-2024072701493227992, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, 11 travellers kidnapped on Enugu-Abakaliki expressway, 19 July 2024, https://punchng.com/11-travellers-kidnapped-on-enugu-abakaliki-expressway/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, 18 killed in machete attacks in Imo communities, 8 January 2025, https://punchng.com/18-killed-in-machete-attacks-across-imo-communities/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, 20 Nasarawa ethnic groups reject Miyetti Allah’s security outfit, 8 February 2024, https://punchng.com/20-nasarawa-ethnic-groups-reject-miyetti-allahs-security-outfit/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, A’Ibom communities urge Eno to resolve land dispute, 29 April 2025, https://punchng.com/aibom-communities-urge-eno-to-resolve-land-dispute/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, A’Ibom deploys village security operatives to tackle vandalism, 7 January 2025, https://punchng.com/aibom-deploys-village-security-operatives-to-tackle-vandalism/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Abducted Ondo APC chairman killed in kidnappers’ den, 18 May 2025, https://punchng.com/abducted-ondo-apc-chairman-killed-in-kidnappers-den/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Abductors demand N200m ransom for Kwara petrol dealer, manager’s release, 12 May 2025, https://punchng.com/abductors-demand-n200m-ransom-for-kwara-petrol-dealer-managers-release/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Abiodun, tackle insecurity, reclaim peace, 10 July 2024, https://punchng.com/abiodun-tackle-insecurity-reclaim-peace/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Adamawa police nab seven for alleged robbery, 11 June 2025, https://punchng.com/adamawa-police-nab-seven-for-alleged-robbery/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, After 70 killed, Plateau vigilante vows to fight bandits, 9 July 2025, https://punchng.com/after-70-killed-plateau-vigilante-vows-to-fight-bandits/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Again, protest erupts in Ondo as herders kill three farmers, 9 April 2025, https://punchng.com/again-protest-erupts-in-ondo-as-herders-kill-three-farmers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Akwa Ibom village cries out to govt over cultist threats, 7 June 2025, https://punchng.com/akwa-ibom-village-cries-out-to-govt-over-cultist-threats/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Amotekun arrests nine suspected criminals in Ondo, 21 August 2024, https://punchng.com/amotekun-arrests-nine-suspected-criminals-in-ondo/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Armed herders kill four security men on patrol in Benue, 10 July 2025, https://punchng.com/armed-herders-kill-four-security-men-on-patrol-in-benue/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Armed men damage power transformer in Kogi, 13 November 2024, https://punchng.com/armed-men-damage-power-transformer-in-kogi/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Army rescues 18 kidnapped victims, captures 10 bandits in Plateau, Taraba, 16 January 2025, https://punchng.com/army-rescues-18-kidnapped-victims-captures-10-bandits-in-plateau-taraba/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, B’Haram bombs Borno travellers, kills 17 in Adamawa, 29 April 2025, https://punchng.com/bharam-bombs-borno-travellers-kills-17-in-adamawa/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Bandits abduct palace officials in Plateau, burn houses, 10 July 2025, https://punchng.com/bandits-abduct-palace-officials-in-plateau-burn-houses/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Bandits feared killed as operatives raid Plateau hideouts, 2 April 2024, https://punchng.com/bandits-feared-killed-as-operatives-raid-plateau-hideouts/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Bandits influx: Amotekun mobilises 2,000 men to comb S’West forests, 22 January 2025, https://punchng.com/bandits-influx-amotekun-mobilises-2000-men-to-comb-swest-forests/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Bandits kill one, injure four in Katsina highway attack, 24 November 2024, https://punchng.com/bandits-kill-one-injure-four-in-katsina-highway-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Bauchi approves N100m for families of vigilantes killed by bandits, 16 May 2025, https://punchng.com/bauchi-approves-n100m-for-families-of-vigilantes-killed-by-bandits/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Bauchi deploys fresh strategies to bolster security, 20 May 2025, https://punchng.com/bauchi-deploys-fresh-strategies-to-bolster-security/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Bauchi gov vows to restore peace amid farmer-herder conflict, 27 July 2025, https://punchng.com/bauchi-gov-vows-to-restore-peace-amid-farmer-herder-conflict/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Bloodbath in Osun and the Lagos political tremor, 19 February 2025, https://punchng.com/bloodbath-in-osun-and-the-lagos-political-tremor/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Boko Haram kills two soldiers, civilians in Borno attack, 18 April 2025, https://punchng.com/boko-haram-kills-two-soldiers-civilians-in-borno-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Cop killed as gunmen attack Ebonyi police checkpoint, 12 April 2024, https://punchng.com/cop-killed-as-gunmen-attack-ebonyi-police-checkpoint/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Cross River communities demand action as Oron-Calabar waterway turns deadly, 16 May 2025, https://punchng.com/cross-river-communities-demand-action-as-oron-calabar-waterway-turns-deadly/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Cult clashes worry A’Ibom traditional rulers, 26 October 2024, https://punchng.com/cult-clashes-worry-aibom-traditional-rulers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Cult killings spark panic in Bayelsa, 22 May 2025, https://punchng.com/cult-killings-spark-panic-in-bayelsa/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Cultists hack farmer to death in Akwa Ibom, 6 May 2025, https://punchng.com/cultists-hack-farmer-to-death-in-akwa-ibom/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Cultists kill son of Ogun community leader, one other, 10 August 2024, https://punchng.com/cultists-kill-son-of-ogun-community-leader-one-other/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Deadly peace mission: Delta community deserted, DHQ orders probe as 15 soldiers’ bodies recovered, 17 March 2024, https://punchng.com/deadly-peace-mission-delta-community-deserted-dhq-orders-probe-as-15-soldiers-bodies-recovered/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Death toll rises to 15 in Ebonyi community herdsmen’s killings, 5 February 2025, https://punchng.com/death-toll-rises-to-15-in-ebonyi-community-herdsmens-killings/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, DSS, Police pledge collaboration to rid Jigawa of security threats, 19 March 2025, https://punchng.com/dss-police-pledge-collaboration-to-rid-jigawa-of-security-threats/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Ebonyi residents reject open grazing, 25 June 2025, https://punchng.com/ebonyi-residents-reject-open-grazing/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Edo begins demolition of kidnappers’ houses, 6 March 2025, https://punchng.com/edo-begins-demolition-of-kidnappers-houses/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Edo gov approves 21-year jail term for cultists, sponsors, 28 January 2025, https://punchng.com/edo-gov-approves-21-year-jail-term-for-cultists-sponsors/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Edo gripped by renewed cult violence, 3 November 2024, https://punchng.com/edo-gripped-by-renewed-cult-violence/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Eight killed in Imo inter-cult clash, 27 September 2024, https://punchng.com/eight-killed-in-imo-inter-cult-clash/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Eight vigilantes killed in Plateau ambush, says military, 9 July 2025, https://punchng.com/eight-vigilantes-killed-in-plateau-ambush-says-military/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Ekiti condemns wave of kidnappings, beefs up security, 25 September 2024, https://punchng.com/ekiti-condemns-wave-of-kidnappings-beefs-up-security/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Ekiti, neighbouring states to strengthen security, 5 September 2024, https://punchng.com/ekiti-neighbouring-states-to-strengthen-security/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Enugu confirms herdsmen attacks, arrests suspected informants, 19 June 2025, https://punchng.com/enugu-confirms-herdsmen-attacks-arrests-suspected-informants-2/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Enugu resolves boundary dispute between Nkanu East, West communities, 13 July 2025, https://punchng.com/enugu-resolves-boundary-dispute-between-nkanu-east-west-communities/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Ex-Bauchi LG chair stabbed to death in son’s home, 2 May 2025, https://punchng.com/ex-bauchi-lg-chair-stabbed-to-death-in-sons-home/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Fake EFCC operatives arrested for robbery, kidnapping in Nasarawa, 2 May 2024, https://punchng.com/fake-efcc-operatives-arrested-for-robbery-kidnapping-in-nasarawa/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Fear grips Lagos community as three killed in cult clashes, 6 January 2025, https://punchng.com/fear-grips-lagos-community-as-three-killed-in-cult-clashes/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Female FRSC official kidnapped in Plateau, 28 May 2025, https://punchng.com/female-frsc-official-kidnapped-in-plateau/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Five feared killed as gunmen attack two Anambra communities, 18 November 2024, https://punchng.com/five-feared-killed-as-gunmen-attack-two-anambra-communities/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Five injured in Jigawa farmers, herders’ clash, 27 May 2024, https://punchng.com/five-injured-in-jigawa-farmers-herders-clash/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Four feared killed in Ogun cult clashes, 18 March 2025, https://punchng.com/four-feared-killed-in-ogun-cult-clashes/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Four injured in Jigawa herders, farmers clash, 19 February 2025, https://punchng.com/four-injured-in-jigawa-herders-farmers-clash/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Four killed in fresh Ebonyi communal land dispute, 20 February 2025, https://punchng.com/four-killed-in-fresh-ebonyi-communal-land-dispute/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Four killed, 3,000 displaced in renewed Nasarawa herder attacks, 24 June 2025, https://punchng.com/four-killed-3000-displaced-in-renewed-nasarawa-herder-attacks/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Four killed, seven injured as gunmen kidnap two others in Anambra, 20 June 2025, https://punchng.com/four-killed-seven-injured-as-gunmen-kidnap-two-others-in-anambra/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Gombe takes steps to address insecurity, 9 December 2024, https://punchng.com/gombe-takes-steps-to-address-insecurity/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Gombe villagers lament herders-farmers’ killings, demand intervention, 10 December 2024, https://punchng.com/gombe-villagers-lament-herders-farmers-killings-demand-intervention/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Grief, anger and calls for action as kidnappings surge in Delta, 13 June 2025, https://punchng.com/grief-anger-and-calls-for-action-as-kidnappings-surge-in-delta/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Gunmen abduct Nasarawa Permanent Secretary at residence, 15 July 2025, https://punchng.com/gunmen-abduct-nasarawa-permanent-secretary-at-residence/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Gunmen abduct two LG workers, three others in Kwara, 27 April 2025, https://punchng.com/gunmen-abduct-two-lg-workers-three-others-in-kwara/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Gunmen attack army checkpoint in Abia, kill two soldiers, 13 November 2024, https://punchng.com/gunmen-attack-army-checkpoint-in-abia-kill-two-soldiers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Gunmen attack three Imo communities, kill seven, 25 July 2025, https://punchng.com/gunmen-attack-three-imo-communities-kill-seven/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Gunmen kidnap seven passengers in Kwara, 20 April 2025, https://punchng.com/gunmen-kidnap-seven-passengers-in-kwara/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Gunmen kidnap three, kill husband in Ekiti, 2 September 2024, https://punchng.com/gunmen-kidnap-three-kill-husband-in-ekiti/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Gunmen kill 19 in fresh Plateau attacks, 21 June 2025, https://punchng.com/gunmen-kill-19-in-fresh-plateau-attacks/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Gunmen kill five in Anambra, 8 October 2024, https://punchng.com/gunmen-kill-five-in-anambra/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Gunmen kill policeman in Anambra checkpoint attack, 18 August 2024, https://punchng.com/gunmen-kill-cop-in-fresh-anambra-police-checkpoint-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Gunmen kill seven in Kwara attacks, 22 April 2025, https://punchng.com/gunmen-kill-seven-in-kwara-attacks/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Gunmen kill six in Taraba highway attack, 12 August 2024, https://punchng.com/gunmen-kill-six-in-taraba-highway-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Gunmen kill six near UNIZIK school gate, 24 October 2024, https://punchng.com/gunmen-kill-six-near-unizik-school-gate/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Gunmen shoot, abduct Anambra bizman, 29 July 2025, https://punchng.com/gunmen-shoot-abduct-anambra-bizman/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Herders’ attacks: Tension in Ondo communities as Amotekun plans counter-operations, 16 March 2025, https://punchng.com/herders-attacks-tension-in-ondo-communities-as-amotekun-plans-counter-operations/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, How pirates murdered Rivers fashion designer after N2m ransom — Police, 22 April 2025, https://punchng.com/how-pirates-murdered-rivers-fashion-designer-after-n2m-ransom-police/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Imo CP meets stakeholders over killings of five youths, 11 March 2024, https://punchng.com/imo-cp-meets-stakeholders-over-killings-of-five-youths/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Insecurity: Anambra assembly passes homeland security bill, 16 January 2025, https://punchng.com/insecurity-anambra-assembly-passes-homeland-security-bill/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Insecurity: Oyebanji demands more police personnel in Ekiti, 15 May 2025, https://punchng.com/insecurity-oyebanji-demands-more-police-personnel-in-ekiti/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Jigawa residents seek anti-riot police unit over farmer-herder conflict, 7 May 2025, https://punchng.com/jigawa-residents-seek-anti-riot-police-unit-over-farmer-herder-conflict/?utm_source=auto-read-also&utm_medium=web, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, JUST IN: Gunmen kidnap Imo Catholic priest, 6 November 2024, https://punchng.com/just-in-gunmen-kidnap-imo-catholic-priest/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Kaduna dismisses kidnap ranking report as false, mischievous, 29 August 2025, https://punchng.com/kaduna-dismisses-kidnap-ranking-report-as-false-mischievous/, accessed 2 September 2025

Punch, Kaduna security operatives nab 398 suspects in nine days, 21 June 2025, https://punchng.com/kaduna-security-operatives-nab-398-suspects-in-nine-days/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Katsina communuty negotiating with bandits – Commissioner, 15 July 2025, https://punchng.com/katsina-communuty-negotiating-with-bandits-commissioner/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Kebbi gov pledges swift resettlement for Lakurawa attack victims, 13 March 2025, https://punchng.com/kebbi-gov-pledges-swift-resettlement-for-lakurawa-attack-victims/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Kidnapped Oyo PDP chieftain, Akika, regains freedom, 12 September 2024, https://punchng.com/kidnapped-oyo-pdp-chieftain-akika-regains-freedom/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Kidnappers kill two policemen, abduct Chinese, Nigerian in Kwara, 5 June 2025, https://punchng.com/kidnappers-kill-two-policemen-abduct-chinese-nigerian-in-kwara/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Kogi community thrown into confusion as gunmen storm palace, abduct monarch, 15 May 2025, https://punchng.com/kogi-community-thrown-into-confusion-as-gunmen-storm-palace-abduct-monarch/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Kogi engages 3,000 security guards to tackle banditry, 24 December 2024, https://punchng.com/kogi-engages-3000-security-guards-to-tackle-banditry/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Kogi: Experts blame open borders for rising insecurity in N’Central state, 12 May 2025, https://punchng.com/kogi-experts-blame-open-borders-for-rising-insecurity-in-ncentral-state/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Kwara NSCDC restates commitment to protecting farmers, 8 November 2024, https://punchng.com/kwara-nscdc-restates-commitment-to-protecting-farmers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Kwara PDP ward chair, two others killed in gunmen attack, 26 June 2025, https://punchng.com/kwara-pdp-ward-chair-two-others-killed-in-gunmen-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Kwara strengthens security with new military campaign, forest guards, 6 July 2025, https://punchng.com/kwara-strengthens-security-with-new-military-campaign-forest-guards/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Lagos residents protest over recurring killings, kidnappings, 10 April 2025, https://punchng.com/lagos-residents-protest-over-recurring-killings-kidnappings/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Lagos, Ogun police begin joint Lagos-Ibadan Expressway patrol, 23 February 2024, https://punchng.com/lagos-ogun-police-begin-joint-lagos-ibadan-expressway-patrol/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Mahmuda terror group kills three Kwara villagers in renewed attacks, 4 June 2025, https://punchng.com/mahmuda-terror-group-kills-three-kwara-villagers-in-renewed-attacks/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Many displaced as Osun communal clash escalates, 23 March 2025, https://punchng.com/many-displaced-as-osun-communal-clash-escalates/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Many feared abducted as kidnappers storm Abuja estate, 26 May 2025, https://punchng.com/many-feared-abducted-as-kidnappers-storm-abuja-estate/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Many feared killed in Abia gunmen attack, 14 July 2025, https://punchng.com/many-feared-killed-in-abia-gunmen-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Many feared killed, houses razed in Yobe terror attack, 3 September 2024, https://punchng.com/many-feared-killed-houses-razed-in-yobe-terror-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Mass burial in Taraba as herders slaughter scores, 25 May 2025, https://punchng.com/mass-burial-in-taraba-as-herders-slaughter-scores/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Military airstrike kills top ISWAP commander, 100 others in Katsina, 11 April 2025, https://punchng.com/military-airstrike-kills-top-iswap-commander-100-others-in-katsina/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Military explains troops withdrawal from Niger communities, 28 August 2024, https://punchng.com/military-explains-troops-withdrawal-from-niger-communities/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Miyetti Allah unveils 1,144-man outfit to tackle Nasarawa bandits, 18 January 2024, https://punchng.com/miyetti-allah-unveils-1144-man-outfit-to-tackle-nasarawa-bandits/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Navy destroys five illegal refineries in Rivers, recovers stolen oil, 16 June 2025, https://punchng.com/navy-destroys-five-illegal-refineries-in-rivers-recovers-stolen-oil/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Navy destroys nine illegal refining sites in Rivers, 14 May 2025, https://punchng.com/navy-destroys-nine-illegal-refining-sites-in-rivers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Newlywed allegedly tortured to death in Lagos police custody, 18 February 2025, https://punchng.com/newlywed-allegedly-tortured-to-death-in-lagos-police-custody/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Ogun police nab kidnap gang terrorising Sagamu-Ijebu-Ode Expressway, 2 November 2024, https://punchng.com/ogun-police-nab-kidnap-gang-terrorising-sagamu-ijebu-ode-expressway/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Ogun varsity students resort to self-help over robbery attacks, 15 July 2025, https://punchng.com/ogun-varsity-students-resort-to-self-help-over-robbery-attacks/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Ondo sets up joint task force as Amotekun nabs 32 suspected kidnappers, 23 March 2025, https://punchng.com/ondo-sets-up-joint-task-force-as-amotekun-nabs-32-suspected-kidnappers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, One feared killed, four injured in Osun poly cult clash, 9 April 2025, https://punchng.com/one-feared-killed-four-injured-in-osun-poly-cult-clash/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, One kidnapped as gunmen attack Kano community, 18 April 2025, https://punchng.com/one-kidnapped-as-gunmen-attack-kano-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, One killed in Lagos cult attack, 2 May 2025, https://punchng.com/one-killed-in-lagos-cult-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, One killed in Osun cult clash, 18 June 2024, https://punchng.com/one-killed-in-osun-cult-clash/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, One killed in Oyo cult-day celebration fracas, 10 July 2024, https://punchng.com/one-killed-in-oyo-cult-day-celebration-fracas/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, One killed, another injured in Kwara community invasion, 14 October 2024, https://punchng.com/one-killed-another-injured-in-kwara-community-invasion/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Operatives behind assault on corps member arrested – Anambra, 19 August 2025, https://punchng.com/operatives-behind-assault-on-corps-member-arrested-anambra/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Osun engages border communities to prevent bandits invasion, 21 March 2025, https://punchng.com/osun-engages-border-communities-to-prevent-bandits-invasion/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Osun: How DSS busted ISWAP terrorists who posed as watch repairers, 18 January 2025, https://punchng.com/osun-how-dss-busted-iswap-terrorists-who-posed-as-watch-repairers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Oyo man kills blind grandfather, uncle for alleged money ritual, 10 September 2024, https://punchng.com/oyo-man-kills-blind-grandfather-uncle-for-alleged-money-ritual/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Panic as cult clash claims life in Lagos, 25 July 2025, https://punchng.com/panic-as-cult-clash-claims-life-in-lagos/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Panic as four killed, vehicles burnt in Anambra gunmen attack, 10 July 2025, https://punchng.com/panic-as-four-killed-vehicles-burnt-in-anambra-gunmen-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, PICTORIAL: Imo shut down as residents comply with sit-at-home order, 30 May 2025, https://punchng.com/pictorial-imo-shut-down-as-residents-comply-with-sit-at-home-order/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Pirates strike in Rivers, abduct 10 passengers, 2 September 2024, https://punchng.com/pirates-strike-in-rivers-abduct-10-passengers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Plateau gov recruits 150 new agro rangers to secure farmers, 8 July 2025, https://punchng.com/plateau-gov-recruits-150-new-agro-rangers-to-secure-farmers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Plateau killings: How militants attacked villages near major army formation – Victims, 16 April 2025, https://punchng.com/plateau-killings-how-militants-attacked-villages-near-major-army-formation-victims/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Plateau unveils 600-man security outfit, 30 November 2023, https://punchng.com/plateau-unveils-600-man-security-outfit/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police arrest 68 suspected criminals in Lagos, 12 August 2025, https://punchng.com/police-arrest-68-suspected-criminals-in-lagos/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police arrest cultist for murder, abduction in Anambra community, 8 July 2025, https://punchng.com/police-arrest-cultist-for-murder-abduction-in-anambra-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police arrest eight Ekiti varsity students for cultism, 8 May 2024, https://punchng.com/police-arrest-eight-ekiti-varsity-students-for-cultism/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police arrest suspected cultists with gun, stolen vehicle in Delta, 3 July 2025, https://punchng.com/police-arrest-suspected-cultists-with-gun-stolen-vehicle-in-delta/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police arrest suspects across Lagos on 7/7 Cultism Day, 10 July 2025, https://punchng.com/police-arrest-suspects-across-lagos-on-7-7-cultism-day/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police begin probe as gunmen kill another Miyetti Allah leader, 10 March 2025, https://punchng.com/police-begin-probe-as-gunmen-kill-another-miyetti-allah-leader/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police begin search for four abducted Ebonyi farmers, 1 August 2025, https://punchng.com/police-begin-search-for-four-abducted-ebonyi-farmers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police burst IPOB/ESN syndicates in Imo, rescue over 100 victims, 19 July 2025, https://punchng.com/police-burst-ipob-esn-syndicates-in-imo-rescue-over-100-victims/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police comb Kogi forest as gunmen abduct 14 Abuja-bound travellers, 6 February 2024, https://punchng.com/police-comb-forest-as-gunmen-abduct-14-abuja-travellers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police confirm Taraba attack, mum on gov’s family involvement, 6 December 2024, https://punchng.com/police-confirm-taraba-attack-mum-on-govs-family-involvement/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police hunt killers of 13 in Anambra community, 2 July 2025, https://punchng.com/police-hunt-killers-of-13-in-anambra-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police nab wanted armed robber terrorising Adamawa – Gombe road, 26 June 2025, https://punchng.com/police-nab-wanted-armed-robber-terrorising-adamawa-gombe-road/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police parade 20 suspected armed robbers, others in Osun, 15 November 2024, https://punchng.com/police-parade-20-suspected-armed-robbers-others-in-osun/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police probe killing of 300-level Rivers varsity student, 21 July 2025, https://punchng.com/police-probe-killing-of-300-level-rivers-varsity-student/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police rescue four kidnap victims, 13 trafficked children in Adamawa, 21 July 2025, https://punchng.com/police-rescue-four-kidnap-victims-13-trafficked-children-in-adamawa/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police rescue three kidnap victims, kill five suspects in Ogun, 29 January 2025, https://punchng.com/police-rescue-three-kidnap-victims-kill-five-suspects-in-ogun/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police rescue two kidnapped salesgirls in Oyo, 25 June 2025, https://punchng.com/police-rescue-two-kidnapped-salesgirls-in-oyo/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police, NSCDC officers fighting on duty must face the law, 5 November 2024, https://punchng.com/police-nscdc-officers-fighting-on-duty-must-face-the-law/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Police, vigilante rescue 20 abducted victims in Kwara, 17 August 2024, https://punchng.com/police-vigilante-rescue-20-abducted-victims-in-kwara/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Policeman killed in gunmen attack on Enugu station, 25 March 2025, https://punchng.com/policeman-killed-in-gunmen-attack-on-enugu-station/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Poly students, 25 others abducted on Abuja-Nasarawa highway, 10 June 2024, https://punchng.com/poly-students-25-others-abducted-on-abuja-nasarawa-highway/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Rise of child cultists turning schools into battlefields (1), 9 February 2025, https://punchng.com/rise-of-child-cultists-turning-schools-into-battlefields-1/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Rising insecurity: NASS, ex-generals demand urgent military re-armament, 7 May 2025, https://punchng.com/rising-insecurity-nass-ex-generals-demand-urgent-military-re-armament/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Rising kidnapping: Anambra stakeholders express worries despite scores of checkpoints, 11 December 2024, https://punchng.com/rising-kidnapping-anambra-stakeholders-express-worries-despite-scores-of-checkpoints/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Rivers community deserted as cultists kill 19 residents, 10 February 2025, https://punchng.com/rivers-community-deserted-as-cultists-kill-19-residents/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Rivers workers lament as pirates abduct 13 boat passengers, 8 February 2025, https://punchng.com/rivers-workers-lament-as-pirates-abduct-13-boat-passengers/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Sanwo-Olu, crush the cultism menace, 5 May 2025, https://punchng.com/sanwo-olu-crush-the-cultism-menace/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Seven farmers killed in Ebonyi community attack, 12 December 2024, https://punchng.com/seven-farmers-killed-in-ebonyi-community-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Seven killed, two missing in fresh herdsmen attack in Enugu, 17 June 2025, https://punchng.com/seven-killed-two-missing-in-fresh-herdsmen-attack-in-enugu/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Shooting: Osun community, Adeleke’s aide disagree over 10 suspects’ release, 17 March 2025, https://punchng.com/shooting-osun-community-adelekes-aide-disagree-over-10-suspects-release/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Six suspected cultists arrested after initiation ceremony in Anambra, 18 June 2025, https://punchng.com/six-suspected-cultists-arrested-after-initiation-ceremony-in-anambra/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Sokoto residents seek help after bandits sack eight communities, 31 August 2025, https://punchng.com/sokoto-residents-seek-help-after-bandits-sack-eight-communities/

Punch, Soldiers nab suspected Nigerien terrorist in Yobe, kill scores across theatres, 29 July 2025, https://punchng.com/soldiers-nab-suspected-nigerien-terrorist-in-yobe-kill-scores-across-theatres/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Soldiers rescue 16 kidnapped passengers in Plateau, 14 April 2025, https://punchng.com/soldiers-rescue-16-kidnapped-passengers-in-plateau/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Suspected herders kidnap Edo Catholic priest, four arrested, 5 March 2025, https://punchng.com/suspected-herders-kidnap-edo-catholic-priest-four-arrested/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Suspected herders kill 11 in Benue on Christmas Day, 27 December 2024, https://punchng.com/suspected-herders-kill-11-in-benue-on-christmas-day/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Suspected herders kill 19 in fresh Benue attack, 18 February 2025, https://punchng.com/suspected-herders-kill-19-in-fresh-benue-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Suspected herders kill two farmers in Edo, 25 February 2025, https://punchng.com/suspected-herders-kill-two-farmers-in-edo/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Suspected kidnappers kill vigilante, abduct colleague in Lagos community, 14 January 2025, https://punchng.com/suspected-kidnappers-kill-vigilante-abduct-colleague-in-lagos-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Suspected Lagos cultists kill shawarma vendor, 19 May 2025, https://punchng.com/suspected-lagos-cultists-kill-shawarma-vendor/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Three killed in Ogun renewed cult clash, 26 May 2024, https://punchng.com/three-killed-in-ogun-renewed-cult-clash/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Three killed, two injured in renewed Plateau violence, 24 June 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/802894-three-killed-two-injured-in-renewed-plateau-violence.html, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Three nabbed for four-year-old Kano boy abduction, 11 September 2024, https://punchng.com/three-nabbed-for-four-year-old-kano-boy-abduction/, accessed 3 September 2025

Punch, Three suspected cultists arraigned for causing panic in Lagos, 13 August 2024, https://punchng.com/three-suspected-cultists-arraigned-for-causing-panic-in-lagos/, accessed 3 September 2025

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THISDAY, 10 Persons Killed, Houses Burnt in Ebonyi Communal Clash, 3 May 2025, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/05/03/10-persons-killed-houses-burnt-in-ebonyi-communal-clash/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Army Hands Over 35 Rescued Kidnap Victims to Katsina Gov, 30 January 2024, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/01/30/army-hands-over-35-rescued-kidnap-victims-to-katsina-gov/?amp, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Bauchi Gov Pays Condolence Visit To Victims of Bandits’ Attack, Donates N100m, 17 May 2025, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/05/17/bauchi-gov-pays-condolence-visit-to-victims-of-bandits-attack-donates-n100m/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Catholic Priest Shot, Others Abducted by Suspected Herdsmen in Benue, 26 May 2025, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/05/26/catholic-priest-shot-others-abducted-by-suspected-herdsmen-in-benue/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Cult War Intensifies in Bayelsa as Gunmen Assassinate Suspected Rival Leader, 26 April 2025, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/04/26/cult-war-intensifies-in-bayelsa-as-gunmen-assassinate-suspected-rival-leader/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Eha-Amufu Indigenes Debunk Alleged Mass Killings in Enugu, 19 March 2025, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/03/19/eha-amufu-indigenes-debunk-alleged-mass-killings-in-enugu/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Fear Grips Ondo Elites with Kidnapping Cases on the Rise, 16 March 2025, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/03/16/fear-grips-ondo-elites-with-kidnapping-cases-on-the-rise/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Four Killed in Cult Groups Clash in Delta, 6 August 2024, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/08/06/four-killed-in-cult-groups-clash-in-delta/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Four Policemen Shot Dead in Imo, 31 July 2024, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/07/31/four-policemen-shot-dead-in-imo/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Gunmen Attack Police Station in Anambra, Kill Two Officers, 16 September 2024, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/09/16/gunmen-attack-police-station-in-anambra-kill-two-officers-2/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Lagos State Police Command Intensifies Crime-fighting Efforts with Multiple Arrests, Rescues, 11 March 2025, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/03/11/lagos-state-police-command-intensifies-crime-fighting-efforts-with-multiple-arrests-rescues/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Monarchs Threaten Traditional Sanctions against Cult-related Killings in Akwa Ibom, 27 October 2024, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/10/27/monarchs-threaten-traditional-sanctions-against-cult-related-killings-in-akwa-ibom/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Oyo Talks Tough on Crimes, Assures Residents on Security, Safety, 20 February 2025, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/02/20/oyo-talks-tough-on-crimes-assures-residents-on-security-safety/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Police Officer, Two Gunmen, Three Civilians Killed in Aba Attack, 22 July 2024, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/07/22/police-officer-two-gunmen-three-civilians-killed-in-aba-attack/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Police Rescue Two Priests, Other Kidnap Victims in Adamawa, Bayelsa, 11 March 2025, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/03/11/police-rescue-two-priests-other-kidnap-victims-in-adamawa-bayelsa/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Police to Prosecute 17 Persons in Akwa Ibom over Crime, 22 January 2025, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/01/22/police-to-prosecute-17-persons-in-akwa-ibom-over-crime/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Taming the Prevalence of Ritual Killing among Nigerian Youths, 18 November 2024, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/11/18/taming-the-prevalence-of-ritual-killing-among-nigerian-youths/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, The Massacre of Villagers in Ebonyi, 9 February 2025, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/02/09/the-massacre-of-villagers-in-ebonyi/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, The Police and Human Resource Reform, 28 February 2024, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/02/28/the-police-and-human-resource-reform/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, To Improve Security in Ogun, Abiodun Approves Recruitment of 1,000 Amotekun Personnel, Warns Criminals, 19 January 2025, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/01/19/to-improve-security-in-ogun-abiodun-approves-recruitment-of-1000-amotekun-personnel-warns-criminals/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Troops Nab Mastermind of Terrorist Attack on Villages in Taraba, 21 June 2024, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/06/21/troops-nab-mastermind-of-terrorist-attack-on-villages-in-taraba/, accessed 4 September 2025

THISDAY, Two Soldiers Killed as Gunmen Attack Troops in Abia, 14 November 2024, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/11/14/two-soldiers-killed-as-gunmen-attack-troops-in-abia-2/, accessed 4 September 2025

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Trumpet (The), Chaos in Akwa Ibom: 5 dead as rival cults clash, as residents flee Oron community, 23 October 2024, https://thetrumpet.ng/chaos-in-akwa-ibom-5-dead-as-rival-cults-clash-as-residents-flee-oron-community/, accessed 4 September 2025

Truth Nigeria, Benue Officials Charge Ethnic Militias With Returning to Threaten Farmers, 31 December 2024, https://truthnigeria.com/2024/12/benue-officials-charge-ethnic-militias-with-returning-to-threaten-farmers/, accessed 3 September 2025

TVC News, Niger Govt reinforces security in Madaka to prevent further attacks - Trending News, 4 April 2024, https://www.tvcnews.tv/niger-govt-reinforces-security-in-madaka-to-prevent-further-attacks/, accessed 4 September 2025

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TVC News, Troops Of 6 Brigade Disrupt Bandit Meeting, Destroy Camps In Taraba, 7 July 2025, https://www.tvcnews.tv/troops-of-6-brigade-disrupt-bandit-meeting-destroy-camps-in-taraba/, accessed 4 September 2025

TVN (Television Nigerian)Nasarawa CP orders probe into four people murdered in supermarket attack, 4 January 2024, https://tvn.ng/nasarawa-cp-orders-probe-into-four-people-murdered-in-supermarket-attack/, accessed 3 September 2025

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Vanguard, 10 killed in Makurdi rival cult clash 28 April 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/04/10-killed-in-makurdi-rival-cult-clash/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, 12 travellers abducted by gunmen in Benue, one rescued as search intensifies, 23 June 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/12-travellers-abducted-by-gunmen-in-benue-one-rescued-as-search-intensifies/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, 2 dead, 1 arrested as rival cult groups clash in Anambra, 16 April 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/04/2-dead-1-arrested-as-rival-cult-groups-clash-in-anambra/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, 2 officers, IMN members killed as Police, Shi’ite clash in Abuja, 26 August 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/08/2-officers-imn-members-killed-as-police-shiite-clash-in-abuja/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, 3 dead, many injured as Delta communities clash over land ownership, 9 April 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/04/3-dead-many-injured-as-delta-communities-clash-over-land-ownership/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, 4 killed, many injured as herdsmen attack Nimbo community, 29 April 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/04/4-killed-many-injured-as-herdsmen-attack-nimbo-community/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, 5 killed in Adamawa communal clash, 14 March 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/03/5-killed-in-adamawa-communal-clash/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, 9 killed in Benue rival militia gang war, 19 January 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/01/9-killed-in-benue-rival-militia-gang-war/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Abia Govt denies engaging ESN to combat herdsmen, 6 April 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/04/abia-govt-denies-engaging-esn-to-combat-herdsmen/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Abraka residents celebrate neutralization of suspected Fulani herdsmen-turned kidnappers, 5 June 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/abraka-residents-celebrate-neutralization-of-suspected-fulani-herdsmen-turned-kidnappers/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Aftermath of banditry, kidnappings in Kwara: Government moves to confront growing threat, 16 May 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/05/aftermath-of-banditry-kidnappings-in-kwara-government-moves-to-confront-growing-threat/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Again, armed herders kidnap 19 commuters in Benue, 24 April 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/04/again-armed-herders-kidnap-19-commuters-in-benue/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Again, suspected Fulani herdsmen kill over 10 in Eha-Amufu, Enugu, 17 June 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/again-suspected-fulani-herdsmen-kill-over-10-in-eha-amufu-enugu/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Amotekun rescues four victims, arrests notorious kidnap kingpins in Ondo, 26 September 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/amotekun-rescues-four-victims-arrests-notorious-kidnap-kingpins-in-ondo/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Anambra PDP governorship candidate Jude Ezenwafor shot in Abuja, 19 July 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/anambra-pdp-governorship-candidate-jude-ezenwafor-reportedly-shot-in-abuja/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Anxiety in Benue as criminal gang of late militia kingpin, Gana embark on killings, kidnapping, 7 September 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/anxiety-in-benue-as-criminal-gang-of-late-militia-kingpin-gana-embark-on-killings-kidnapping/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Army apprehends Boko Haram suspect in Taraba, 28 January 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/01/army-apprehends-boko-haram-suspect-in-taraba/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Bandits abduct Ekiti-bound travellers, demand N30m ransom each, 24 December 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/12/bandits-abduct-ekiti-bound-travellers-demand-n30m-ransom-each/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Beware: Roads, waterways in 17 states where kidnappers reign, 29 September 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/men-who-replace-highway-robbers-roads-waterways-in-17-states-where-kidnappers-reign/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Boko Haram kill 3, raze houses, foodstuffs bank as residents flee in fresh attack on Niger communities, 12 June 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/boko-haram-kill-3-raze-houses-foodstuffs-bank-as-residents-flee-in-fresh-attack-on-niger-communities/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Boko Haram: We only closed 3 markets, not 8 — Yobe Govt clarifies, 4 July 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/boko-haram-we-only-closed-3-markets-not-8-yobe-govt-clarifies/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Breaking: Nine abducted Ondo surveyors released after payment of N20m ransom, 12 March 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/breaking-nine-abducted-ondo-surveyors-released-after-payment-of-n20m-ransom/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Chieftaincy dispute: Adeleke visits troubled Esa-Oke, to probe crisis, 5 February 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/02/chieftaincy-dispute-adeleke-visits-troubled-esa-oke-to-probe-crisis/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Communal crisis brewing between Osun, Oyo communities, Oluwo warns, 14 April 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/04/communal-crisis-brewing-between-osun-oyo-communities-oluwo-warns/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Confusion, tears, anger as insurgents attack many Adamawa communities, 13 June 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/confusion-tears-anger-as-insurgents-attack-many-adamawa-communities/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, CSOs decry herdsmen attacks in Southeast, demand justice, 11 May 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/05/csos-decry-herdsmen-attacks-in-southeast-demand-justice/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Cultists kill 30 in 3 months, vow to unleash mayhem on Rivers communities, 11 November 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/11/cultists-kill-30-in-3-months-vow-to-unleash-mayhem-on-rivers-communities/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Deadly Cult Clash Erupts in Ibaragun, Ogun State, 3 December 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/12/deadly-cult-clash-erupts-in-ibaragun-ogun-state/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Delta monarch demands govt’s intervention over herdsmen killings, 29 May 2025, https://punchng.com/delta-monarch-demands-govts-intervention-over-herdsmen-killings/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Driver killed as abducted Ekiti pupils, teachers regain freedom, 5 February 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/02/driver-killed-as-abducted-ekiti-pupils-teachers-regain-freedom/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Driver, 18 passengers kidnapped in Akwa Ibom, 15 July 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/07/driver-18-passengers-kidnapped-in-akwa-ibom/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Ebonyi Land Dispute: Six killed, including pregnant woman, as renewed attack destroys homes, 9 April 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/04/ebonyi-land-dispute-six-killed-including-pregnant-woman-as-renewed-attack-destroys-homes/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Ebonyi land dispute: We lost over 100 people in five years — LG Chairman, 24 March 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/ebonyi-land-dispute-we-lost-over-100-people-in-five-years-lg-chairman/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Edo assembly raises alarm over resurgence of cult killings, 30 April 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/04/edo-assembly-raises-alarm-over-resurgence-of-cult-killings/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, End amnesty, empower the military to crush Boko Haram now!, 15 May 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/05/end-amnesty-empower-the-military-to-crush-boko-haram-now/, accessed 1 October 2025

Vanguard, Farmer, two sons killed by suspected herders in Ebonyi, 3 November 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/11/farmer-two-sons-killed-by-suspected-herders-in-ebonyi/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, FCT insecurity: IGP launches special intervention squad to combat kidnapping, 17 January 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/01/fct-insecurity-igp-launches-special-intervention-squad-to-combat-kidnapping/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, FCT police, military activate joint patrols to curb kidnapping, one chance, vandalism, 8 July 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/fct-police-military-activate-joint-patrols-to-curb-kidnapping-one-chance-vandalism/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Five passengers abducted by pirates on Rivers waterways, 7 April 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/04/five-passengers-abducted-by-pirates-on-rivers-waterways/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Four farmers killed, farms destroyed, scores displaced as herdsmen attack Nasarawa communities, 23 June 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/four-farmers-killed-farms-destroyed-scores-displaced-as-herdsmen-attack-nasarawa-communities/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Fresh attack hits Taraba village as suspected herders raze houses, 10 July 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/fresh-attack-hits-taraba-village-as-suspected-herders-raze-houses/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Gunmen attack another police station in Anambra, kill corporal, 3 September 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/gunmen-attack-another-police-station-in-anambra-kill-corporal/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Gunmen invade Imo communities, kill 7, 25 July 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/gunmen-invade-imo-communities-kill-7/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Gunmen kidnap councillor, eight others in Kogi, 4 December 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/12/gunmen-kidnap-councillor-eight-others-in-kogi/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Gunmen kidnap RCCG pastor, other bus passengers in Oyo, 21 April 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/04/gunmen-kidnap-rccg-pastor-other-bus-passengers-in-oyo/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Gunmen kill four policemen in Enugu, set patrol vehicle ablaze, 15 April 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/04/gunmen-kill-four-policemen-in-enugu-set-patrol-vehicle-ablaze/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Herdsmen launch 3rd attack in 2 weeks, kill 5, kidnap 3, injure many in Imo community, 5 June 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/herdsmen-launch-3rd-attack-in-2-weeks-kill-5-kidnap-3-injure-many-in-imo-community/, accessed 3 September 2025

Vanguard, Herdsmen launch 3rd attack in 2 weeks, kill 5, kidnap 3, injure many in Imo community, 5 June 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/herdsmen-launch-3rd-attack-in-2-weeks-kill-5-kidnap-3-injure-many-in-imo-community/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Hunter dies as Amotekun, police rescue kidnapped victims in Oyo, 25 February 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/02/hunter-dies-as-amotekun-police-rescue-kidnapped-victims-in-oyo/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Influx of bandits’ll be checkmated — Police, Amotekun commanders, OPC, 9 January 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/01/influx-of-banditsll-be-checkmated-police-amotekun-commanders-opc/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Insecurity: Nigerian Army assures Taraba residents of adequate security, 11 January 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/01/insecurity-nigerian-army-assures-taraba-residents-of-adequate-security/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Insecurity: Ondo Govt sets up joint security task force, 23 March 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/insecurity-ondo-govt-sets-up-joint-security-task-force/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Insecurity: Our homes have become theatres of horror – Group tells Enugu Govt, 28 April 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/04/insecurity-our-homes-have-become-theatres-of-horror-group-tells-enugu-govt/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Just in: Bandits invade palace, abduct traditional ruler in night attack in Nasarawa, 29 May 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/05/just-in-bandits-invade-palace-abduct-traditional-ruler-in-night-attack-in-nasarawa/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Kidnap lord who abducted Akwa Ibom Judge, others killed in Cross River, 29 August 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/08/kidnap-lord-who-abducted-akwa-ibom-judge-others-killed-in-cross-river/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Kidnappers kill 2 FCT residents over delay in ransom payment, 20 February 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/02/kidnappers-kill-2-fct-residents-over-delay-in-ransom-payment/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Kidnapping: Angry youths set ablaze Emir’s palace, NDLEA office in Kwara, 30 June 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/kidnapping-angry-youths-set-ablaze-emirs-palace-ndlea-office-in-kwara/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Killing Fields: Nigeria loses 805 lives to insecurity, violence in six weeks, 15 February 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/02/killing-fields-nigeria-loses-805-lives-to-insecurity-violence-in-six-weeks/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Killings: Northern govs rattled as Amotekun, other states’ security outfits struggle without guns, 11 May 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/05/killing-spree-northern-govs-rattled-as-amotekun-other-states-security-outfits-struggle-without-guns-manpower/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Kogi attack: Community leader calls for military base, as death toll rises to 25, 6 April 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/04/kogi-attack-community-leader-calls-for-military-base-as-death-toll-rises-to-25/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Kogi Police foil kidnap of passengers along Obajana-Oshokoshoko road, arrest 2, 25 June 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/kogi-police-foil-kidnap-of-passengers-along-obajana-oshokoshoko-road-arrest-2/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Kwara Govt earmarks 1,000 hectares for pastoral devt, to halt incessant farmers/herders clash, 6 December 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/12/kwara-govt-earmarks-1000-hectares-for-pastoral-devt-to-halt-incessant-farmers-herders-clash/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Kwara reopens schools amid unrest resolution, 17 May 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/05/kwara-reopens-schools-amid-unrest-resolution/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Land dispute: One killed, four kidnapped in Ebonyi communal clashes, 9 February 2023, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/land-dispute-one-feared-dead-four-kidnapped-in-ebonyi-communal-clashes/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Lawmaker condemns Bayelsa sea pirates attacks, abduction of 4 market women, 2 May 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/05/lawmaker-condemns-bayelsa-sea-pirates-attacks-abduction-of-4-market-women/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Logistics company used as front for oil theft uncovered in Rivers State, 13 October 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/10/logistics-company-used-as-front-for-oil-theft-uncovered-in-rivers-state/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Many displaced as armed herders renew attacks in Taraba communities, 24 May 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/05/many-displaced-as-armed-herders-renew-attacks-in-taraba-communities/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Mob sets suspected cultist on fire over murder of final year UNIUYO student, 14 February 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/02/mob-sets-suspected-cultist-on-fire-over-murder-of-final-year-uniuyo-student/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, NAF airstrikes destroy bandit kingpin Mallam Saleh’s residence, arms depot in Shiroro, Niger State, 18 November 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/11/naf-airstrikes-destroy-bandit-kingpin-mallam-salehs-residence-arms-depot-in-shiroro-niger-state/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, One dead, others injured as suspected herders attack Edo community, 23 March 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/one-dead-others-injured-as-suspected-herders-attack-edo-community/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, One killed as Enugu community land dispute escalates, 16 July 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/one-killed-as-enugu-community-land-dispute-escalates/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Otti threatens crackdown over rising insecurity in Abia North, 20 June 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/otti-threatens-crackdown-over-rising-insecurity-in-abia-north/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Over 15 killed, residents flee as herders attack Benue communities, 22 March 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/03/over-15-killed-residents-flee-as-herders-attack-benue-communities/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Over N20m property destroyed in Enugu land dispute, 23 May 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/05/over-n20m-property-destroyed-in-enugu-land-dispute/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Pirates kidnap 19 passengers in Rivers boat hijacking, 7 May 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/05/pirates-kidnap-19-passengers-in-rivers-boat-hijacking/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Police finger IPOB in death of two officers, one other in Imo, 11 June 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/06/police-finger-ipob-in-death-of-two-officers-one-other-in-imo/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Police foil kidnap attempt, arrest suspect, recover weapons, 17 June 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/06/police-foil-kidnap-attempt-arrest-suspect-recover-weapons/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Police foil plans to kidnap residents of El-Rufai Estate in Abuja, 18 July 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/07/police-foil-plans-to-kidnap-residents-of-el-rufai-estate-in-abuja/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Police investigate killing of 14-year-old boy for ritual in Ibadan, 12 August 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/08/police-investigate-killing-of-14-year-old-boy-for-ritual-in-ibadan/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Police kill suspected kidnapper, arrest 5, rescue victim in Enugu, 18 July 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/police-kill-suspected-kidnapper-arrest-5-rescue-victim-in-enugu/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Police raid criminal hideout, arrest suspected robbers and cultists in Akwa Ibom, 4 May 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/05/police-raid-criminal-hideout-arrest-suspected-robbers-and-cultists-in-akwa-ibom/, accessed 4 September 2025

Vanguard, Police rescue 36 kidnapped victims in Kebbi, 9 December 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/12/police-rescue-36-kidnapped-victims-in-kebbi/, accessed 4 September 2025

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