Annex 1: Bibliography

Oral sources, including anonymous sources

Dr. Aurélie Daher, online interview, 13 August 2025, and email communication, 22 August 2025. Dr. Daher is an associate professor in political science at Université Paris-Dauphine PSL, and an expert on Lebanese politics, institutions, and armed groups. Her academic work focuses on Lebanese politics, political institutions, and non-state armed groups, with particular expertise on Hezbollah and Shiite movements in the Middle East. She is the author of Hezbollah: Mobilisation and Power (Oxford University Press, 2019) and numerous scholarly articles examining Lebanese political dynamics, sectarianism, and the relationship between state and non-state actors.

Dr. May Maalouf Monneau, email communication, 11 September 2025. Dr. Maalouf Monneau is a political scientist specialised on the Middle East, with a focus on Lebanon, and an associate researcher at Mediterranean and Middle East Research and Study Institute (IREMMO), Paris. Her research explores political systems, governance, and nation-building in Lebanon and the wider region. She is the author of Le Liban: de l’État inachevé à l’invention d’une nation (L’Harmattan, 2015), as well as other works on Middle Eastern politics and Jerusalem.

Jaber Suleiman, email communication, 13 October 2025. Jaber Suleiman is a Palestinian independent researcher and consultant specialised in refugee studies, with a focus on Palestinian refugees and the right of return. Since 2011, he has worked with the Lebanese Palestinian Dialogue Forum, the Common Space Initiative, and UNDP-supported projects on consensus building and civil peace in Lebanon. He previously served as a consultant for UNICEF’s Palestinian programme in Lebanese refugee camps and has authored numerous research papers, studies, and book chapters on Palestinian refugee issues.