Annex 1: Bibliography

Table of contents

Annex 1: Bibliography

Oral sources, including anonymous sources

Afghan analyst, in-person interviews. The analyst is based outside Afghanistan, but often travels to the country to conduct field-based research on the security situation, armed groups and the general situation under Taliban rule. The source requested to be anonymised for operational reasons. The source was consulted in the following instances:

  • email, 5 January 2026

  • email communication, 13 October 2024

  • online interview, 1 October 2024. The interview was conducted by the EUAA in cooperation with the Austrian, Norwegian, and Swedish COI units (Staatendokumentation, Landinfo and Unit for Migration Analysis)

  • in-person interview, 25 April 2024

  • email communication, 10 October 2023

  • in-person interviews, 8–9 June 2023.

Afghan researcher, online interview, 12 September 2024. The source has multiple years of experience of reporting for an international organisation in Afghanistan. The source is currently not based in Afghanistan but remains in contact with sources on the ground. The interview was conducted by the EUAA in cooperation with the Austrian and Swedish COI units (Staatendokumentation and Unit for Migration Analysis)

Akbar, S., emails, 22 and 24 June 2022. Shaharzad Akbar is an Afghan human rights activist in exile. She served as chairperson of the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) in 2019–2021. She is currently the Executive Director of the Afghan human rights organisation Rawadari.

Azizi, H., PhD Candidate, Flinders University, online interview, 9 September 2024. Hamid Azizi is a PhD Candidate at Flinders University in Adelaide, Australia. Mr. Azizi has conducted research on Afghanistan since 2007, inter alia for UNODC, on various topics including organised crime, illicit economy and insurgency groups.

Baheer, O., interview, 25 April 2024. Obaidullah Baheer is an adjunct lecturer with the American University of Afghanistan and has been teaching topics related to democracy, international relations, peace and conflict resolution, geopolitics and foreign policy at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. He has been writing and commenting on Afghanistan for media outlets including The Washington Post, Al Jazeera, South Asian Voices, The Economist, and the Diplomat. Baheer has also engaged in aid delivery in Afghanistan through his own aid initiative ‘Save Afghans from Hunger’. Baheer has also engaged in aid delivery in Afghanistan through his own aid initiative ‘Save Afghans from Hunger’.

Durrani, P., online interview, 19 October 2023. Pashtana Durrani is a human rights activist and founder of the NGO LEARN Afghanistan (https://learnafghan.org/). Durrani is currently based outside Afghanistan but is still engaged in the activities of LEARN Afghanistan.

International analyst (A), interview 8–9 June 2023, and email communication, 10 October 2023. The senior analyst is based in Afghanistan since many years and has extensive experience on researching and reporting on the security situation, as well as the political and human rights situation in the country. The source requested to be anonymised for operational reasons.

International journalist, online interview, 3 October 2023. The international journalist has reported from Afghanistan for international media outlets for several years, and covered various topics, but is currently based outside the country. The source requested to be anonymised for operational reasons.

de Jong, S., online interview, 30 October 2025. Sara de Jong is Professor in Politics and International relations with the University of York and has inter alia conducted research on Afghans who have worked for Western military forces, and resettlement efforts of such profiles.

Kerr Chiovenda, M., in-person meeting, 29 November 2025. Melissa Kerr Chiovenda is an anthropologist who has inter alia conducted research on Hazaras in Afghanistan. Kerr Chiovenda is based outside Afghanistan, but remains in contact with many sources from previous field-research.

Latifi, A., interview 8–9 June 2023, and email communication, 9 October 2023. Ali Latifi is an Afghanistan-based journalist. Latifi has reported from various parts of Afghanistan for several international media outlets, covering a range of different topics.

Rahimi, H., online interviews and email communication. Haroun Rahimi is Associate Professor and Chair of Law Department at the American University of Afghanistan, and has extensive experience on researching Afghan politics, law and governance. Rahimi was consulted in the following instances:

  • online interview, 30 October 2025. The interview was conducted by the EUAA in cooperation with the Belgian and Romanian COI units (Cedoca and the COI unit of the Romanian General Inspectorate for Immigration.

  • online interview, 11 September 2024. The interview was conducted by the EUAA in cooperation with the COI unit of the Swedish Migration Agency and Landinfo – the Norwegian COI Centre

  • email communication, 4 October 2023

  • online interview 8–9 June 2023.

Sharan, T., email, 27 November 2025. Timor Sharan is the Director of Afghanistan Policy Lab (https://www.afghanistanpolicylab.com), a research organisation specialising in applied research on Afghanistan. Sharan has written extensively on Afghan politics, security and governance for several reputable international research organisations. In 2017–2019, Sharan served as Deputy Director-General for Policy and Programmes at the Independent Directorate of Governance under the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.