Annex 2: Terms of Reference

The research should focus on the period between 1 November 2024 – 1 November 2025. Limited relevant information covering November 2025 to be added where available.

• Political opposition, activists, minority groups, women
  • Political context and developments
  • Legal context and its impact on freedom of speech and freedom of assembly
  • Treatment of specific profiles
    • Political opponents
    • Journalists
    • Human rights defenders and lawyers
    • Activists, including environmental activists
    • LGBTIQ
    • Religious minorities
    • Women
       
• Military Service
  • Overview of the armed forces
  • Compulsory military service
  • Contract military service
  • Military service in the North Caucasus, particularly in Chechnya
  • Consequences for desertion