Public sources

247Ureports, Witchcraft Law and Jurisprudence in Anambra State by Mr. Enemuo CC, Esq., 3 March 2025, https://247ureports.com/2025/03/witchcraft-law-and-jurisprudence-in-anambra-state-bymr-enemuo-cc-esq/, accessed 7 July 2025

AA (Anadolu Ajansi), Nigerians protest over cybercrime act, economic conditions, 7 April 2025, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/nigerians-protest-over-cybercrime-act-economic-conditions/3530746, accessed 8 July 2025

AA (Anadolu Ajansi), Nigerian army kills 60 Boko Haram terrorists after repelling attack on military base, 30 May 2025, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/nigerian-army-kills-60-boko-haram-terrorists-after-repelling-attack-on-military-base/3584626, accessed 18 July 2025

Adegbite, A., Baby-Making Factories in Nigeria: A ‘Crime’ Begging for Legal Identity?, in: Ife Juris Review (2017) Vol. 11 (1), in: Ife Juris Review, Vol. 11 (1), 14 June 2024, https://ssrn.com/abstract=4832365, accessed 6 June 2025

ADF International (Alliance Defending Freedom International), Challenging Nigeria university bans against Christian fellowship on campus, 18 March 2024, https://adfinternational.org/news/katsina-universities, accessed 6 June 2025

AfAW (Advocacy for Alleged Witches), About, 21 June 2024, https://advocacyforallegedwitches.com/about/, accessed 6 June 2025

AFP (Agence France-Presse), Fact Check, Video of Musk saying Trump will secure Nigerian separatist’s freedom is deepfake, 20 March 2025, https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.374P2KD, accessed 12 June 2025

Africa Center for Strategic Studies, Black Axe—Nigeria’s Most Notorious Transnational Criminal Organization, 29 October 2024, https://africacenter.org/spotlight/black-axe-nigeria-transnational-organized-crime/, accessed 12 June 2025

Africa Report (The), Nigerian cult mafia groups and how they wreak havoc on society, 28 February 2025, https://www.theafricareport.com/377940/nigerian-cult-mafia-groups-and-how-they-wreak-havoc-on-society/, accessed 9 June 2025

Afya na Haki, A Human Rights Framework for addressing barriers to Gender-Affirming Care for transgender and Gender Diverse Adults in Selected African Countries, 3 April 2025, https://www.afyanahaki.org/download/a-human-rights-framework-for-addressing-barriers-to-gender-affirming-care-for-transgender-and-gender-diverse-adults-in-selected-african-countries/, accessed 9 June 2025

AI (Amnesty International), #EndSARS movement: from Twitter to Nigerian streets, 8 February 2021, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2021/02/nigeria-end-impunity-for-police-violence-by-sars-endsars/, accessed 7 July 2025

AI (Amnesty International), “Help Us Build Our Lives”: Girl Survivors of Boko Haram and Military Abuses in North-East Nigeria, 1 June 2024, https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/AFR4478832024ENGLISH.pdf, accessed 7 July 2025

AI (Amnesty International), 2025 World Drug Day: UNODC and CND must take urgent action to end unlawful use of the death penalty for drug-related offences, 25 June 2025, https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/ACT5095372025ENGLISH.pdf, accessed 7 July 2025

AI (Amnesty International), Bloody August: Nigerian government’s violent crackdown on #EndBadGovernance protests [AFR 44/8780/2024], November 2024, https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/AFR4487802024ENGLISH.pdf, accessed 7 July 2025

AI (Amnesty International), Children and armed conflict, Submission to the UN High Commissioner for human rights for report on the rights of the child and violations of the human rights of children in armed conflicts, 2025, https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/IOR4088952025ENGLISH.pdf, accessed 20 August 2025

AI (Amnesty International), Instantly killed! How law enforcement failures exacerbate Nigeria's wave of mob violence, October 2024, https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/AFR4484252024ENGLISH.pdf, accessed 8 July 2025

AI (Amnesty International), Grave Health Concerns for Singer on Death Row, 17 February 2025, https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/AFR4490412025ENGLISH.pdf, accessed 8 July 2025

AI (Amnesty International), Nigeria: Amnesty International petitions ICC judges to end Prosecutor’s delaying of justice for atrocity crimes, 2 December 2024, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/12/nigeria-amnesty-international-petitions-icc-judges-to-end-prosecutors-delaying-of-justice-for-atrocity-crimes/, accessed 12 July 2025

AI (Amnesty International), Nigeria: Authorities must ensure safe release and return of over 680 people abducted this week, 8 March 2024, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/03/nigeria-authorities-must-ensure-safe-release-and-return-of-over-680-people-abducted-this-week/, accessed 18 July 2025

AI (Amnesty International), Nigeria: Decade after Boko Haram attack on Chibok, 82 girls still in captivity, 14 April 2024, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/04/nigeria-decade-after-boko-haram-attack-on-chibok-82-girls-still-in-captivity/, accessed 29 July 2025

AI (Amnesty International), Nigeria: Escalation of mob violence emboldens impunity, 28 October 2024, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/10/nigeria-escalation-of-mob-violence-emboldens-impunity/, accessed 7 July 2025

AI (Amnesty International), Nigeria: Older people often an invisible casualty in conflict with Boko Haram, 8 December 2020, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/12/nigeria-older-people-often-an-invisible-casualty-in-conflict-with-boko-haram/, accessed 11 July 2025

AI (Amnesty International), Nigeria: Police used excessive force to violently quash #Endbadgovernance protesters, 28 November 2024, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/11/nigeria-police-used-excessive-force-to-violently-quash-endbadgovernance-protests/, accessed 9 July 2025

AI (Amnesty International), Nigeria: Singer on death row denied medical care, 3 March 2025, https://amnesty.ca/urgent-actions/nigeria-singer-on-death-row-denied-medical-care/, accessed 12 July 2025

AI (Amnesty International), Nigeria: Submission to the International Criminal Court (ICC), 2 December 2024, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/AFR44/8802/2024/en/, accessed 9 July 2025

AI (Amnesty International), The State of the World's Human Rights; Nigeria 2024, 29 April 2025, https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/africa/west-and-central-africa/nigeria/report-nigeria/, accessed 9 July 2025

AI (Amnesty International), Urgent Action: Grave Health Concerns For Singer On Death Row, 17 February 2025, https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/AFR4490412025ENGLISH.pdf, accessed 5 September 2025

Al Jazeera, Nigeria says troops kill dozens of gunmen in northwest and northeast, 10 July 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/10/nigeria-says-troops-kill-dozens-of-gunmen-in-northwest-and-northeast, accessed 5 September 2025

Al Jazeera, Why mass kidnappings still plague Nigeria a decade after Chibok abductions, 3 April 2024, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/4/3/why-mass-kidnappings-still-plague-nigeria-a-decade-after-chibok-abductions, accessed 9 July 2025

Alabi, O. J. and Adebisi, T., Navigating shadows: the lived experiences of sexual minorities in Nigeria, in: Culture, Health & Sexuality, 10 May 2025, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13691058.2025.2499636, accessed 3 September 2025

Alita, E. C, Ajaegbo I. K., Ajali S. A., Morah L. C., Alpheaus C. J., Usulor E. P., Odo I. M., The United Nations and the Pursuit of Gender Equality in Nigeria: A Critical Analysis of CEDAW Implementation and Challenges, in: African Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies, Vol. 17, Issue2, 12 December 2024, https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajpas/article/view/284480, accessed 3 September 2025

Amaechi K. J. and Jackson T. J., From Civil to ‘Uncivil’ Society? Separatist Social Movements and the Shrinking Civil Space in South-East, Nigeria, in: International Journal of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development, Vol. 10, Issue 1, May 2024, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382530326_From_Civil_to_'Uncivil'_Society_Separatist_Social_Movements_and_the_Shrinking_Civic_Space_in_South-East_Nigeria, accessed 3 September 2025

Amune, M. S., Control and Regulation of Human Trafficking in Nigeria: A Legal Framework Analysis, in: East African Journal of Law and Ethics, Vol. 8, Issue 1, 13 January 2025, https://journals.eanso.org/index.php/eajle/article/view/2609/3260, accessed 2 September 2025

Anuforo P., Zoucha R., Salman K., McFarland M.R., Influences of Widowhood Cultural Practices, Values, and Beliefs on the Health and Well-being of Nigerian Women: An Integrative Review. In: J Transcult Nurs, 6 October 2024, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39369345/, accessed 2 September 2025

Anyogu, A. A., Legal protection of children in Nigeria: Examining the extant laws and policies, in: Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journal of Private and Property Law, Vol. 1, Issue 1, July 2024, https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/naujppl/article/download/4068/3318/9282, accessed 2 September 2025

AP (Associated Press), A song critical of Nigeria’s president is barred from airwaves, 11 April 2025, https://apnews.com/article/nigeria-song-banned-president-cdecdb78a665d9ac5a6a7a2ae0dd8e79, accessed 7 July 2025

AP (Associated Press), At least 7 members of Nigerian security force missing after insurgents ambush convoy, 20 November 2024, https://apnews.com/article/nigeria-boko-haram-attack-59e8944e250efed4aab5952f636a4b65, accessed 9 July 2025

AP (Associated Press), Clash between Nigerian security forces and members of pro-Palestinians group kill 6, 29 March 2025, https://apnews.com/article/nigeria-police-muslim-group-clash-palestinians-c170559c98687b7f4a73a391e7dd73a8, accessed 2 September 2025

AP (Associated Press), In Nigeria’s lithium boom, many mines are illegal and children do much of the work, 12 December 2024, https://apnews.com/article/lithium-mining-energy-transition-child-labor-nigeria-africa-22155590dddf7ecc0b9fd55b221c6d9f, accessed 11 August 2025

AP (Associated Press), Nigeria’s President orders the release of 29 children facing death penalty over protests, 4 November 2024, https://apnews.com/article/nigeria-children-protests-tinubu-human-rights-44f990b6fcb10b456ebaebe3b0f33eb7, accessed 11 August 2025

AP (Associated Press), Nigeria’s Supreme Court reinstates terrorism charges against separatist leader, 15 December 2023, https://apnews.com/article/nnamdi-kanu-supreme-court-ipob-51a637e9f77fc14d49322ee52ef5a0b8, accessed 7 August 2025

Ata-Agboni, J. U., Okolo, O. G., Benjamin, F. U., Adama, I., Suleiman, R., Asiru, A. & Omachi A. B., Federalism and Local Government System in Nigeria: A Critical Assessment, in: Journal of Good Governance and Sustainable Development in Africa (JGGSDA), Vol. 7, Issue 4, January 2023, https://journals.rcmss.com/index.php/jggsda/article/view/781/694, accessed 11 August 2025

Authority (The), Why I rejected chieftaincy title – Ozigbo, 7 October 2023, https://authorityngr.com/2023/10/07/why-i-rejected-chieftaincy-title-ozigbo/, accessed 11 August 2025

Aworinde O., Fijabiyi M., Ayinde M., Aliu-Ayinde M., Adekunle A., Adeyemi A., Knowledge and attitude of health care providers towards the identification and management of domestic violence victims, in: PAMJ – One Health, Vol. 13, Issue 20, 26 April 2024, https://www.one-health.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/13/20/full/, accessed 11 August 2025

Ayamba I. A., Ekom B. E., Bassey U. S., Ekpo O. O., National Gender Policy in Nigeria: Uncovering the Core Issues, in: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, October 2024, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Itojong-Ayamba/publication/385002157_National_Gender_Policy_in_Nigeria_Uncovering_the_Core_Issues/links/67111cbf68ac3041499e1307/National-Gender-Policy-in-Nigeria-Uncovering-the-Core-Issues.pdf?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpCNN (Cable News Network)0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19, accessed 8 August 2025

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) Media Action, Using radio drama to tackle attitudes towards family planning in Northern Nigeria, November 2024, https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaaction/documents/bbc-media-action-nigeria-research-summary-ifplan.pdf, accessed 9 July 2025

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) News, ‘Pregnant’ for 15 months: Inside the ‘miracle’ fertility scam, 25 November 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78dyryreyxo, accessed 9 July 2025

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) News, ‘Take it Back’ protest across Nigeria – wetin e dey about?, 7 April 2025, https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c078zerz079o, accessed 2 September 2025

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) News, Could Nigeria's careful ethnic balancing act be under threat?, 27 May 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce9v2m7k988o, accessed 7 July 2025

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) News, Di children wey dem beat and troway ontop allegation say dem be winch, 25 September 2024, https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c625xw27d2vo, accessed 3 September 2025

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) News, Five sentenced to death in Nigeria over 'witchcraft' murder, 4 February 2025, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyeg4q71wko, accessed 2 September 2025

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) News, Nigeria Country Profile, 28 July 2023, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13949550, accessed 9 July 2025

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) News, Nigeria drops treason charges against children after outcry, 5 November 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cr4lzqe79x3o, accessed 7 July 2025

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) News, Nigeria’s Miracle Baby Scammers – BBC Africa Eye Documentary [Online video], 25 November 2024, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r62xSGw3kcI, accessed 7 July 2025

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) News, Nigeria-EU deal sparks false claims over LGBT rights, 11 July 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqv53ej2d33o, accessed 3 September 2025

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) News, Nigerian atheist freed from prison but fears for his life, 8 January 2025, https://easo.sharepoint.com/sites/Nigeria2025/Shared%20Documents/Nigeria%202025/url, accessed 9 July 2025

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) News, Remembering Nigeria's Biafra war that many prefer to forget, 15 January 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51094093, accessed 9 July 2025

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) News, The man battling Nigeria’s 'witch-hunters', 26 October 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd0z0r5dgg1o, accessed 9 July 2025

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) News, World's police in technological arms race with Nigerian mafia, 28 August 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984w8jr1glo, accessed 2 September 2025

Belgium, MYRIA, Rapport annuel d’evaluation 2024 Traite et traffic des etres humains, [Annual Evaluation Report Human Trafficking 2024], 18 December 2024, https://emnbelgium.be/sites/default/files/publications/2024_MYRIA_Rapport_annuel_Traite_et_trafic_des_%C3%AAtres_humains.pdf, accessed 1 September 2025

Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2024 Country Report Nigeria, 19 March 2024, https://bti-project.org/fileadmin/api/content/en/downloads/reports/country_report_2024_NGA.pdf, accessed 11 August 2025

BISI (Bloomsbury Intelligence & Security Institute), The Growth of Farmer-Herder Violence in Nigeria, 26 May 2025, https://bisi.org.uk/reports/the-growth-of-farmer-herder-violence-in-nigeria, accessed 4 September 2025

BMJ Global Health, Mind the widening gap: A trauma-driven mental health crisis in Nigeria, 26 May 2024, https://blogs.bmj.com/bmjgh/2024/05/26/mind-the-widening-gap-a-trauma-driven-mental-health-crisis-in-nigeria/, accessed 11 August 2025

Business Day, #EndBadGovernance Protest Report: CSOs urge Tinubu to halt police harassment of Amnesty International, 16 January 2025, https://businessday.ng/news/article/endbadgovernance-protest-report-csos-urge-tinubu-to-halt-police-harassment-of-amnesty-international/, accessed 11 August 2025

Business Day, IPOB challenges proscription ruling at Supreme Court, 8 February 2025, https://businessday.ng/news/article/ipob-challenges-proscription-ruling-at-supreme-court/, accessed 11 August 2025

Cable (The), Activist petitions senate on move to repeal VAPP Act, 15 September 2024, https://www.thecable.ng/activist-petitions-senate-on-move-to-repeal-vapp-act/, accessed 9 July 2025

Cable (The), CSOs demand release, protection of woman arrested for ‘criticising’ Sokoto governor, 23 May 2025, https://www.thecable.ng/csos-demand-release-protection-of-woman-arrested-for-criticising-sokoto-governor/, accessed 21 July 2025

Cable (The), Mohammed Isa seeks inclusive programmes for PWDs in rural areas, 11 April 2025, url, accessed 3 July 2025

Cable (The), NAPTIP rescues ‘nine pregnant women’ from Abuja baby factory, 23 January 2025, https://www.thecable.ng/naptip-rescues-nine-pregnant-women-from-abuja-baby-factory/, accessed 21 July 2025

Cable (The), Ogun school shut as student dies after corporal punishment, 29 October 2024, https://www.thecable.ng/ogun-school-shut-as-student-dies-after-corporal-punishment/, accessed 24 July 2025

Cable (The), Troops ‘ raid Abia communities, arrest residents’, over killing of soldiers, 2 June 2024, https://www.thecable.ng/troops-raid-abia-communities-arrest-residents-over-killing-of-soldiers/, accessed 8 July 2025

CCCM (Camp Coordination and Camp Management) Cluster and Nigeria Shelter Sector, Humanitarian Flash Appeal: CCCM, Shelter and NFI North-East Nigeria; January - May 2025, 21 May 2025, https://reliefweb.int/attachments/d8dc7c45-7e67-495c-ac77-50ce0af5cf05/CCCM%2C%20SNFI%20needs%20North%20East%20Nigeria%20May%202025%20%20%20final.pdf, accessed 27 August 2025

CDD (Centre for Democracy & Development) West Africa, The Rising Tide of Femicide in Nigeria: A Silent War Against Women, 9 April 2025, https://www.cddwestafrica.org/blog/the-rising-tide-of-femicide-in-nigeria-a-silent-war-against-women/, accessed 25 August 2025

Center for Policy Impact in Global Health (The), Exploring common mental health problems among Nigerian adolescents: identified challenges and recommendations for the future, 3 September 2024, https://centerforpolicyimpact.org/2024/09/03/exploring-common-mental-health-problems-among-nigerian-adolescents-identified-challenges-and-recommendations-for-the-future/, accessed 25 August 2025

Centre for Disability and Inclusion Africa, Gender-based violence against women with disabilities in Nigeria, 13 February 2024, https://cdinclusionafrica.org/tag/gender-based-violence-against-women-with-disabilities-in-nigeria, accessed 6 August 2025

CFR (Council on Foreign Relations), An Obnoxious Legislation, 22 January 2025, https://www.cfr.org/blog/obnoxious-legislation, accessed 11 August 2025

Channels TV, Jigawa Court Sentences Four to Death For Culpable Homicide, 4 December 2024, https://www.channelstv.com/2024/12/04/jigawa-court-sentences-four-to-death-for-culpable-homicide/, accessed 8 August 2025

Channels TV, Security Operatives Raid NLC Headquarters, Cart Away Documents, 8 August 2024, https://www.channelstv.com/2024/08/08/security-operatives-raid-nlc-headquarters-cart-away-documents/, accessed 2 September 2025

Chatham House, Taking action against corruption in Nigeria – Summary, 18 March 2025, https://www.chathamhouse.org/2025/03/taking-action-against-corruption-nigeria/summary, accessed 19 June 2025

Chatham House, Tracing the ‘continuum of violence’ between Nigeria and Libya, 5 August 2024, https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/07/tracing-continuum-violence-between-nigeria-and-libya/04-abuse-profit-libyan-conflict, accessed 17 June 2025

CHEVs (Centre for Health Education and Vulnerable Support) and TIER (The Initiative for Equal Rights), Rights Under Arrest, Impact of the SSMPA on LGBTQI+ Individuals and Organisations (A Decade of Resilience), 2024, https://theinitiativeforequalrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/25Jun24_Rights-Under-Arrest_-1.pdf, accessed 17 June 2025

Chinoye, J. O., Why Nigeria Needs a Femicide Law, in: Dignity: A Journal of Analysis of Exploitation and Violence Vol. 9, Issue 2, September 2024, https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1410&context=dignity, accessed 17 June 2025

Civicus, 2025 State of Civil Society Report, March 2025, https://www.civicus.org/documents/reports-and-publications/SOCS/2025/state-of-civil-society-report-2025_en.pdf, accessed 19 June 2025

CLGF (Commonwealth Local Government Forum), Local Government System in Nigeria, 2019, https://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Nigeria.pdf, accessed 17 June 2025

CNN (Cable News Network), 29 children may be sentenced to death for protesting against cost-of-living crisis in Nigeria, 3 November 2024, https://edition.CNN (Cable News Network).com/2024/11/02/africa/children-face-death-penalty-cost-of-living-nigeria-intl-latam/index.html, accessed 22 June 2025

CNN (Cable News Network), A life in fear: The dangers of finding love online as a queer woman in Nigeria, 29 January 2024, https://edition.CNN (Cable News Network).com/interactive/2024/01/africa/nigeria-gay-women-online-dangers-as-equals-intl-cmd/, accessed 17 June 2025

CNN (Cable News Network), Nigerian transgender TikToker found dead, 9 August 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0rwg5krq98o.amp, accessed 23 June 2025

CoE (Council of Europe), Fourth Evaluation Rounder Measures to prevent and detect vulnerabilities to human trafficking – Evaluation Report Austria, 11 March 2025, https://rm.coe.int/greta-evaluation-report-on-the-implementation-of-the-council-of-europe/1680b4b26a, accessed 5 June 2025

Commonwealth Governance, Judicial System of Nigeria, n.d., https://www.commonwealthgovernance.org/countries/africa/nigeria/judicial-system/ - :~:text=Judicial System of Nigeria,approved by the state assembly., accessed 24 June 2025

Conciliation Resources, Social media and violent and non-violent mobilisation in Nigeria: What role for mediation?, February 2024, https://www.c-r.org/accord/still-time-talk/social-media-and-violent-and-non-violent-mobilisation-nigeria-what-role, accessed 19 June 2025

Context, Job losses, rising attacks: 10 years of Nigeria’s anti-LGBTQ law, 14 August 2024, https://www.context.news/socioeconomic-inclusion/job-losses-rising-attacks-10-years-of-nigerias-anti-lgbtq-law, accessed 19 June 2025

Context, LGBTQ+ Nigerians recount police abuses under ‘weaponised’ law, 3 March 2025, https://www.context.news/socioeconomic-inclusion/lgbtq-nigerians-recount-police-abuses-under-weaponised-law, accessed 6 June 2025

Conversation (The), A breakdown of Biafra separatist and where Kanu fits into the picture, 18 August 2021, https://theconversation.com/a-breakdown-of-biafra-separatism-and-where-kanu-fits-into-the-picture-166235, accessed 24 June 2025

Conversation (The), Nigeria’s growing security crisis: 6 essential reads, 22 April 2025, https://theconversation.com/nigerias-growing-security-crisis-6-essential-reads-254639, accessed 22 July 2025

Conversation (The), Nigerian children don’t imagine women as political leaders: what shapes their view 3 June 2025, https://theconversation.com/nigerian-children-dont-imagine-women-as-political-leaders-what-shapes-their-view-256638, accessed 24 June 2025

Cookey, M.C. and Izzi M. O., A legal appraisal of the Inheritance rights of women in Nigeria, in: International Journal of Legal Studies and Social Science, Vol. 2, Issue 4, October 2024, https://ijlsss.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/3.-Miriam-Cookey.pdf, accessed 19 June 2025

Counter Trafficking Network, Tutorial: Juju & Witchcraft, 2020, https://countertraffickingnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/CTN-Tutorial-Juju-2020.pdf, accessed 7 July 2025

CPJ (Committee to Protect Journalists), In Nigeria, at least 56 journalists attacked and harassed as protests roil region, 21 August 2024, https://cpj.org/2024/08/in-nigeria-at-least-56-journalists-attacked-and-harassed-as-protests-roil-region/, accessed 8 July 2025

CPJ (Committee to Protect Journalists), 4 Nigerian journalists face fresh charges over report tying bank CEO to fraud claims, 18 October 2024, https://cpj.org/2024/10/4-nigerian-journalists-face-fresh-charges-over-report-tying-bank-ceo-to-fraud-claims/, accessed 19 June 2025

CPJ (Committee to Protect Journalists), Nigerian security forces attack, arrest journalists covering protests, 6 August 2024, https://cpj.org/2024/08/nigerian-security-forces-attack-arrest-journalists-covering-protests/, accessed 24 June 2025

CPJ (Committee to Protect Journalists), WikkiTimes publisher reporter face criminal charges over reporting on alleged corruption, 16 September 2024, https://cpj.org/2024/09/wikkitimes-publisher-reporter-face-criminal-charges-over-reporting-on-alleged-corruption/, accessed 19 June 2025

CTDC (Counter Trafficking Data Collaborative), Country Profile: Victims originating in Nigeria, n.d., https://www.ctdatacollaborative.org/story/victims-originating-nigeria#no-back, accessed 19 June 2025

Daily Post, Gunmen attack Zamfara community, abduct over 50 women, girls, 9 December 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/12/09/gunmen-attack-zamfara-community-abduct-over-50-women-girls/, accessed 24 June 2025

Daily Post, NAPTIP rescues 253 victims, obtained 9 convictions in 2024, 16 January 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/01/16/naptip-rescues-253-victims-obtained-9-convictions-in-2024/, accessed 16 July 2025

Daily Post, Sharia court sentenced Bauchi man to death by stoning for homosexuality, 11 May 2024, https://dailypost.ng/2024/05/11/sharia-court-sentences-bauchi-man-to-death-by-stoning-for-homosexuality/, accessed 19 June 2025

Daily Trust, 67 CSOs to Tinubu: End Crackdown on Activists, Journalists, Others, 16 January 2025, https://dailytrust.com/67-csos-to-tinubu-end-crackdown-on-activists-journalists-others/, accessed 25 June 2025

Daily Trust, Alleged Homosexuality: 11 Arrested Over Killing Of 2 Students in Kano School, 17 July 2025, https://dailytrust.com/alleged-homosexuality-11-arrested-over-killing-of-2-students-in-kano-school/, accessed 17 July 2025

Daily Trust, Bauchi Man To Die By Stoning For Engaging In Homosexuality, 14 May 2024, https://tribuneonlineng.com/bauchi-sharia-court-sentences-man-to-die-by-stoning-for-homosexuality/, accessed 26 June 2025

Daily Trust, Cultists having a field day in Kwara, 22 June 2024, https://dailytrust.com/cultists-having-a-field-day-in-kwara/, accessed 17 June 2025

Daily Trust, How We Were Forced To Confess To Witchcraft – Victims, 22 March 2025, https://dailytrust.com/how-we-were-forced-to-confess-to-withcraft-victims/, accessed 24 June 2025

Daily Post, Religious persecution threatens national stability – Northern CAN, 25 September 2025, https://dailypost.ng/2025/09/25/religious-persecution-threatens-national-stability-northern-can/, accessed 25 September 2025

Daily Trust, Sharia panels: Discrimination against southern Muslims worries NSCIA, 30 January 2025, https://dailytrust.com/sharia-panels-discrimination-against-southern-muslims-worries-nscia/, accessed 28 July 2025

Daily Trust, Stereotypes, Biases Women Face In Quest For Accommodation, 14 December 2024, https://dailytrust.com/stereotypes-biases-women-face-in-quest-for-accommodation/, accessed 10 July 2025

Daily Trust, Why Sharia panels are generating controversy in South-West, 27 January 2025, https://dailytrust.com/why-sharia-panels-are-generating-controversy-in-south-west/, accessed 8 July 2025

Dataphyte, Media Reports of Threats to Civic Space Actors and Institutions in Nigeria, February 2025, https://www.dataphyte.com/direct-download/media-reports-of-threats-to-civic-space-actors-and-institutions-in-nigeria, accessed 16 July 2025

David L. Smith, [Twitter], posted on 1 August 2024, https://x.com/okapidavid/status/1819026316005454084, accessed 2 September 2025

Defense Post, Jihadists Kill at Least 40 Farmers in Northeast Nigeria, 14 January 2025, https://thedefensepost.com/2025/01/14/jihadists-kill-farmers-nigeria/, accessed 3 September 2025

Demarest, L. and Langer, A., Managing Diversity in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic National Assembly: Integrated Parties versus Ethno-Regional Balancing, in: Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 53, Issue 4, 7 April 2023, https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjad010, accessed 2 September 2025

Democracy Radio, 10 Years On, Nigeria’s Anti-Violence Law Struggles to Deliver Justice, 31 May 2025, https://democracyradio.ng/10-years-on-nigerias-anti-violence-law-struggles-to-deliver-justice/, accessed 8 July 2025

Derluyn, I., Orsini, G., Adeyinka, S., Behrendt, M., Rota, M., Uzureau, O., & Lietaert, ChildMove Project: The Impact of flight experiences on the psychological wellbeing of unaccompanied refugee minors, Ghent University, 2022, https://childmove.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/19286_ERC_ChildMove_Report_WEB.pdf, accessed 2 September 2025

Dialogue Earth, In northern Nigeria, floods impact disabled people most, 19 February 2025, https://dialogue.earth/en/justice/in-northern-nigeria-floods-hit-disabled-people-hardest, accessed 2 September 2025

Dijeh A. E., Nnubia U. E., Nwonye N. U., Cultural Challenges of Widows and Widowers’ Coping Strategies in SouthSouth Geo Political Zone, Nigeria, in: International journal of Current Science Research and Review, Vol. 8, Issue 2, February 2025, https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/2128980, accessed 8 July 2025

DNB Stories Africa, Surviving Nigeria as a transgender woman: Boma’s experience, 21 May 2024, https://dnbstories.com/2024/05/surviving-nigeria-as-trans-woman-pretty-boma.html, accessed 25 June 2025

DOHS Foundation, DOHS Femicide Dashboard - Track Reports and Insights on Femicide in Nigeria in 2024, 20 June 2025, https://lookerstudio.google.com/u/0/reporting/89f382d7-8c7a-415a-ab95-e01c7fde7da9/page/C3a6D, accessed 8 July 2025

DRC (Danish Refugee Council), How DRC supports Persons with Disabilities in Nigeria to reclaim their rights and dignity, 12 March 2025, https://drc.ngo/resources/news/how-drc-supports-persons-with-disabilities-in-nigeria-to-reclaim-their-rights-and-dignity, accessed 25 June 2025

Dubawa, Civic space actors, institutions under severe threat in Nigeria – Report, 4 March 2025, https://dubawa.org/civic-space-actors-institutions-under-severe-threat-in-nigeria-report/, accessed 25 June 2025

Dubawa, How disinformation fuels pro-Biafran agenda on social media while undermining democracy, 18 March 2025, https://easo.sharepoint.com/sites/Nigeria2025/Shared%20Documents/Nigeria%202025/url, accessed 8 July 2025

DW (Deutsche Welle), How Nigeria can stop rising 'jungle justice', 14 April 2025, https://www.dw.com/en/how-nigeria-can-stop-rising-jungle-justice/a-72218521, accessed 8 July 2025

DW (Deutsche Welle), Nigeria's farmer-herder conflicts: Where is the end? [Video], 21 June 2025, https://www.dw.com/en/how-can-nigeria-tackle-deadly-farmer-herder-conflicts/video-72981403, accessed 2 September 2025

DW (Deutsche Welle), What’s behind Nigeria’s increase in jailbreaks?, 4 March 2025, https://www.dw.com/en/whats-behind-nigerias-increase-in-jailbreaks/a-72106487, accessed 5 June 2025

DW (Deutsche Welle), Why Nigeria’s ‘baby factories’ continue to thrive, 18 March 2024, https://www.dw.com/en/why-nigerias-baby-factories-remain-a-grim-reality/a-68595335, accessed 6 June 2025

EC (European Commission), Report from the commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the progress made in the European Union in combating trafficking in human beings (Fifth Report), SWD(2025) 4 final, 20 January 2025, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52025DC0008, accessed 25 June 2025

ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States), ECOWAS Court Rules Nigerian Blasphemy Laws Violate International Human Rights Standards, 9 April 2025, https://courtecowas.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/INCORPORATED-TRUSTEES-OF-EXPRESSION-NOW-HUMAN-RIGHT-INITIATIVE-v.-FED.-REP.-OF-NIGERIA-JUDGMENT-OF-THE-COURT-ENG.pdf, accessed 2 September 2025

Edugist, The Forgotten Girls: Addressing the Educational Needs of Girls with Disabilities in Nigeria, 23 October 2024, https://edugist.org/the-forgotten-girls-addressing-the-educational-needs-of-girls-with-disabilities-in-nigeria, accessed 16 June 2025

EEAS (European Exterior Action Service), 2024 Annual Report on Human Rights and Democracy in the World, 22 May 2025, https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/2025/2024%20Human%20Rights%20and%20Democracy%20in%20the%20World%20%28country%20reports%29v2_0.pdf, accessed 2 June 2025

EMN (European Migration Network), Trafficking in human beings – the international dimension, July 2025, https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/document/download/4f178d98-27a2-46e6-b59a-cbd35344fced_en?filename=2025_EMN_study_trafficking_in_human_beings.pdf, accessed 28 July 2025

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Nigeria – People, last updated 4 July 2025, https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Climate#ref55288, accessed 2 September 2025

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Levirate, last updated 15 March 2012, https://www.britannica.com/topic/levirate, accessed 28 July 2025

End Corporal punishment, Corporal punishment of children in Nigeria, last updated August 2024, https://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/wp-content/uploads/country-reports/Nigeria.pdf, accessed 28 July 2025

EONS Intelligence, IPOB Celebrates 4th Anniversary of Eastern Security Network, Commends Operatives for Bravery and Sacrifices, 30 January 2025, https://eonsintelligence.com/details/special-report-90785645/ipob-celebrates-4th-anniversary-of-eastern-security-network-commends-operatives-for-bravery-and-sacrifices-923282312, accessed 28 July 2025

EP (European Parliament), European Parliament resolution of 13 February 2025 on continuing detention and risk of the death penalty for individuals in Nigeria charged with blasphemy, notably the case of Yahaya Sharif-Aminu (2025/2548(RSP)), 13 February 2025, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-10-2025-0018_EN.html, accessed 28 July 2025

EP (European Parliament), Human rights breaches in Türkiye, Nicaragua and Nigeria, 13 February 2025, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20250206IPR26753/human-rights-breaches-in-turkiye-nicaragua-and-nigeria, accessed 2 September 2025

EPRS (European Parliament Research Service), LGBTIQ+ in Africa, May 2025, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2025/772863/EPRS_BRI%282025%29772863_EN.pdf, accessed 3 September 2025

EU (European Union), European Parliament, Parliamentary question: Persecution of Christians in Nigeria, 28 June 2023, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-9-2023-002046_EN.html, accessed 14 July 2025

EUAA (European Union Agency for Asylum), Nigeria Trafficking in Human Beings, April 2021, https://euaa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/2021_04_EASO_Nigeria_Trafficking_in_Human_Beings.pdf accessed 16 July 2025

EVA (Education as a Vaccine), Breaking the Silence: Ending Female Genital Mutilation in Nigeria, 6 February 2025, https://www.evanigeria.org/breaking-the-silence-ending-female-genital-mutilation-in-nigeria/, accessed 15 July 2025

Eze, O.J., Ajah, B.O., Okpa, J.T., Ngwu, G.E., Ethnic-Based Violence: Nigeria Perspectives, in: Handbook of Anger, Aggression, and Violence, 25 August 2023, https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-3-031-31547-3_182, accessed 13 June 2025

Eziechine, A. O. and Esene. Q. O., Baby Factory Syndicate: An Emerging Trends of Trafficking in Agunloye’s Disposable Womb, in: International Journal of English Language Studies, Vol. 6, Issue 2, June 2024, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381445017_Baby_Factory_Syndicate_An_Emerging_Trend_of_Trafficking_in_Agunloye's_Disposable_Womb, accessed 13 June 2025

FGMC Research Initiative, Nigeria, n.d., https://www.fgmcri.org/country/nigeria/, accessed 13 June 2025

FIJ (Foundation for Investigative Journalism), Highlighting Monthly Attacks on Nigerian Journalists Since World Press Freedom 2024, 6 May 2025, https://fij.ng/article/highlighting-monthly-attacks-on-nigerian-journalists-since-world-press-freedom-2024/, accessed 14 June 2025

FIJ (Foundation for Investigative Journalism), Simon Ekpa’s BRGIE Enjoys Uninterrupted Broadcast on X Despite Terrorism Financing Case, 27 May 2025, https://fij.ng/article/simon-ekpas-brgie-enjoys-uninterrupted-broadcast-on-x-despite-terrorism-financing-case/, accessed 13 June 2025

Folayan, M. O., Yakusik, A., Enemo, A., Sunday, A., Muhammad, A., Nyako, H. Y., Abdullah, R. M., Okiwu, H., & Lamontagne, E., Socioeconomic inequality, health inequity and well-being of transgender people during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria, in: MC Public Health, 12 August 2023, https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-023-16482-1, accessed 13 June 2025

Folorunso G. I., Chukwudi C. E., Asom C. P., Oyebajo T. D., Federalism and Agitation of Self-Determination in Nigeria: A Study of the Indigenous People of Biafra, in: Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 16, Issue 2, March 2025, https://www.richtmann.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/14258/13860, accessed 13 June 2025

Forced Migration Review, Trafficking, ritual oaths and criminal investigations, n.d., https://www.fmreview.org/issue64/dolsgarcia/, accessed 15 July 2025

Foucher, V., Boko Haram: Mapping an Evolving Armed Constellation, MAEC, UNIDIR, 16 September 2024, https://unidir.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/UNIDIR_Boko-Haram_Mapping_an_Evolving_Armed_Constellation.pdf, accessed 15 July 2025

France24, Nigerian president sacks board of state oil company, 2 April 2025, https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250402-nigerian-president-sacks-board-of-state-oil-company, accessed 13 July 2025

Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2025 – Nigeria, 26 February 2025, https://freedomhouse.org/country/nigeria/freedom-world/2025, accessed 15 July 2025

Freedom House, Freedom on the Net 2024 – Nigeria, 16 October 2024, https://freedomhouse.org/country/nigeria/freedom-net/2024, accessed 15 July 2025

FT (Financial Times), Nigeria’s spiralling rural violence heaps pressure on president, 27 April 2025, https://www.ft.com/content/3c3e579a-5538-486e-bab3-9023c85934e4, accessed 9 June 2025

Germany, BMZ (Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development), Nigeria, Improving training and employment opportunities, 2 February 2024, https://www.bmz.de/en/countries/nigeria/core-area-training-and-sustainable-growth-for-decent-jobs-55714, accessed 9 June 2025

Girls not Brides, Nigeria, n.d., https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/learning-resources/child-marriage-atlas/regions-and-countries/nigeria, accessed 6 June 2025/

Global Disability Fund, Situational Analysis on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Nigeria, Country Brief, July 2025, https://globaldisabilityfund.org/new/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/SITAN-Nigeria-Brief.pdf, accessed 3 September 2025

Global Disability Fund, Situational Analysis on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Nigeria, Country Full Report, May 2025, https://globaldisabilityfund.org/new/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/SITAN-Nigeria.pdf, accessed 15 July 2025

Grace, O. T., and Tolulope, J. S., The legal framework for protecting the rights of the girl child in Nigeria: How effective?, in: African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration, Vol. 7, Issue 2, 2024, https://abjournals.org/ajlpra/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/journal/published_paper/volume-7/issue-2/AJLPRA_KXJ4FVT0.pdf, accessed 6 July 2025

Guardian (The), Activists call for state of emergency in Nigeria over gender-based violence, 25 February 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/25/activists-call-state-emergency-gender-based-violence-nigeria, accessed 3 June 2025

Guardian (The), Bayelsa community live in fear as cult war intensifies, 23 January 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/bayelsa-community-live-in-fear-as-cult-war-intensifies, accessed 7 July 2025

Guardian (The), Eight countries pledge to ban corporal punishment in ‘fundamental shift’ for children, 7 November 2024, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/nov/07/countries-pledge-to-ban-corporal-punishment-children, accessed 7 July 2025

Guardian (The), Female Genital Mutilation: Action, not words, needed to end menace, 7 March 2025, https://guardian.ng/opinion/female-genital-multilation-action-not-words-needed-to-end-menace/, accessed 6 June 2025

Guardian (The), Group demands removal of Sharia provisions from 1999 constitution, 9 June 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/national/group-demands-removal-of-sharia-provisions-from-1999-constitution/, accessed 15 July 2025

Guardian (the), How vigilante groups constitute danger to life despite role in security, 24 May 2025, https://guardian.ng/features/focus/how-vigilante-groups-constitute-danger-to-life-despite-role-in-security/, accessed 8 July 2025

Guardian (The), Hoodlums attack, injure reporters in Kano, 2 August 2024, https://guardian.ng/news/hoodlums-attack-injure-reporters-in-kano/#google_vignette, accessed 7 July 2025

Guardian (The), HURIWA seeks emergency action on baby factories, child trafficking, 28 May 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/huriwa-seeks-emergency-action-on-baby-factories-child-trafficking/#google_vignette, accessed 21 July 2025

Guardian (The), Long-term imprisonment as political compromise for death penalty, 12 March 2025, https://guardian.ng/features/law/long-term-imprisonment-as-political-compromise-for-death-penalty/, accessed 15 July 2025

Guardian (The), Reports of extrajudicial killings, sexual violence setback to counter-insurgency operations, 13 September 2024, https://guardian.ng/news/reports-of-extrajudicial-killings-sexual-violence-setback-to-counter-insurgency-operations/, accessed 15 July 2025

Guardian (The), Sultan backs Sharia law in Oyo, Ekiti, 30 January 2025, https://guardian.ng/news/sultan-backs-sharia-law-in-oyo-ekiti-2/, accessed 4 August 2025

Guardian (The), Wanted: Collective action against sexual violence, 5 March 2025, https://guardian.ng/opinion/wanted-collective-action-against-sexual-violence/, accessed 8 August 2025

Guardian (The), Why IPOB formed Eastern Security Network, by Kanu, 16 December 2020, https://guardian.ng/news/why-ipob-formed-eastern-security-network-by-kanu/, accessed 14 July 2025

Harm Reduction International, The Death Penalty For Drug Offences: Global Overview 2024, 12 March 2025, https://hri.global/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/HRI-GlobalOverview-2024-FINAL.pdf, accessed 7 July 2025

HIIL (The Hague Institute for Innovation of Law), Justice Needs and Satisfaction in Nigeria 2025, 2025, https://www.hiil.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/HiiL-Nigeria-JNS-2025-report_web.pdf, accessed 8 August 2025

HRF (Human Rights Foundation), Corporal Punishment: An abuse to the dignity of a child, 16 February 2024, https://hrfng.org/publication/30/corporal-punishment-an-abuse-to-the-dignity-of-a-child, accessed 15 July 2025

HRW (Human Rights Watch), “Political Shari’a”? Human Rights and Islamic Law in Northern Nigeria, 21 September 2004, https://www.hrw.org/report/2004/09/21/political-sharia/human-rights-and-islamic-law-northern-nigeria#:~:text=The%20manner%20in%20which%20Shari'a%20has%20been,specifies%20that%20there%20is%20no%20state%20religion, accessed 7 July 2025

HRW (Human Rights Watch), Daily Brief, 19 March 2024, https://www.hrw.org/the-day-in-human-rights/2024/03/19, accessed 5 August 2025

HRW (Human Rights Watch), Nigeria Passes Disability Rights Law, 25 January 2019, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/01/25/nigeria-passes-disability-rights-law#:~:text=On%20January%2023%2C%20Nigeria%E2%80%99s%20President%20Muhammadu%20Buhari%20signed,relentless%20advocacy%20by%20disability%20rights%20groups%20and%20activists., accessed 15 July 2025

HRW (Human Rights Watch), Nigeria: Protesters Charged with Treason, 6 September 2024, https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/09/06/nigeria-protesters-charged-treason, accessed 6 August 2025

HRW (Human Rights Watch), World Report 2025 (Events of 2024), Nigeria, 16 January 2025, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2025/country-chapters/nigeria, accessed 8 August 2025

HumAngle, Female Genital Mutilation Still Prevalent In Parts of Northeastern Nigeria, 12 August 2024, https://humanglemedia.com/female-genital-mutilation-still-prevalent-in-parts-of-northeastern-nigeria/, accessed 8 August 2025

HumAngle, ISWAP Attack Devastates Mafa in Northeast Nigeria, Leaving A Grim Toll of Death, 4 September 2024, https://humanglemedia.com/iswap-attack-devastates-mafa-in-northeast-nigeria-leaving-a-grim-toll-of-death/, accessed 5 August 2025

HumAngle, New Sect Linked to Human Trafficking Emerges in Nigeria, 20 January 2025, https://humanglemedia.com/new-sect-linked-to-human-trafficking-emerges-in-nigeria/, accessed 8 August 2025

HumAngle, Separating Fact from Fiction In Nigeria’s Genital Theft Frenzy, 2 January 2024, https://humanglemedia.com/separating-fact-from-fiction-in-nigerias-genital-theft-frenzy/, accessed 8 August 2025

HumAngle, What It Costs to Rent a House As A Single Woman in Nigeria, 28 August 2024, https://humanglemedia.com/what-it-costs-to-rent-a-house-as-a-single-woman-in-nigeria/, accessed 8 August 2025

Humanitarian Action, Nigeria 2025 Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan – 3.9.1. Gender-Based Violence AoR, 22 January 2025, https://humanitarianaction.info/plan/1274/document/nigeria-2025-humanitarian-needs-and-response-plan/article/391-gender-based-violence-aor, accessed 8 August 2025

ICIR (International Centre for Investigative Reporting), LGBTQ+: walking the tightrope of social exclusion in Nigeria, 19 June 2024, https://www.icirnigeria.org/lgbtq-walking-the-tightrope-of-social-exclusion-in-nigeria/#:~:text=IN%20Nigeria%2C%20discrimination%20against%20members%20of%20the%20Lesbian%2C,to%20healthcare.%20This%20report%20takes%20an%20in-depth%20look.

ICNL (International Centre for Not-for-Profit Law), Nigeria, 4 June 2025, https://www.icnl.org/resources/civic-freedom-monitor/nigeria, accessed 8 August 2025

International Crisis Group, Crisis Watch Nigeria 2024 -2025, https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/database?location%5b%5d=28&created=, accessed 20 August 2025

International Crisis Group, Crisis Watch – Nigeria: January 2024 – August 2025, n.d., https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/database?location%5B%5D=28&crisis_state=&created=custom&from_month=1&from_year=2024&to_month=8&to_year=2025, accessed 5 September 2025

International Crisis Group, Restoring Nigeria’s Leadership for Regional Peace and Security, 11 December 2024, https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/b203-restoring-nigerias-leadership-regional-peace-security, accessed 4 August 2025

INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization), How INTERPOL supports Nigeria to tackle international crime, n.d., https://www.interpol.int/en/Who-we-are/Member-countries/Africa/NIGERIA, accessed 12 June 2025

INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization), More than 300 arrests as African countries clamp down on cyber threats, 24 March 2025, https://www.interpol.int/en/News-and-Events/News/2025/More-than-300-arrests-as-African-countries-clamp-down-on-cyber-threats, accessed 12 June 2025

INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization), Sex trafficking in women in West and North Africa and towards Europe, June 2025, https://www.interpol.int/en/content/download/23077/file/FINAL%20PUBLIC%20ENGLISH%20report_Sex%20Trafficking%20in%20women%20West_North%20Africa_Europe%20%281%29.pdf?inLanguage=eng-GB&version=3, accessed 3 September 2025

Intersociety (International Society for Civil Liberties and the Rule of Law), About us, n.d., https://intersociety-ng.org/about/, accessed 12 June 2025

Intersociety (International Society for Civil Liberties and the Rule of Law), Nigeria’s leading human rights group releases two special international reports on rights abuses and violations in the East, 22 December 2024, https://intersociety-ng.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Executive-Summary-Of-Ocean-Of-Innocent-Blood-Flowing-In-The-East.pdf, accessed 11 June 2025

ILO (International Labour Organization), Forced Labour in Nigeria - At a glance, Results from the Nigeria child labour and forced labour survey 2022 April 2024, https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/2024-04/Nigeria_Forced_Labour_Survey_2022_Factsheet_WEB.pdf, accessed 22 July 2025

IOM (International Organization for Migration) Nigeria, Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration, n.d., https://nigeria.iom.int/assisted-voluntary-return-and-reintegration, accessed 22 July 2025

IOM (International Organization for Migration), About the EU-IOM Joint Initiative, n.d., https://www.migrationjointinitiative.org/about-eu-iom-joint-initiative, accessed 22 July 2025

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Final Evaluation Workshops Shed Light on Increased Support for Survivors of Trafficking in West Africa, 24 September 2024, https://nigeria.iom.int/news/final-evaluation-workshops-shed-light-increased-support-survivors-trafficking-west-africa, accessed 22 July 2025

IOM (International Organization for Migration), IOM Facilitates Voluntary Return of Stranded Migrants from Chad to Nigeria under EU-Funded Programme, 23 July 2025, https://nigeria.iom.int/news/iom-facilitates-voluntary-return-stranded-migrants-chad-nigeria-under-eu-funded-programme, accessed 3 September 2025

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Nigeria Crisis Response, 2024-2025, https://crisisresponse.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1481/files/appeal/pdf/Nigeria_Crisis_Response_Plan_20242025.pdf, accessed 3 September 2025

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Nigerian women defying stigma upon return, n.d, https://rodakar.iom.int/stories/nigerian-women-defying-stigma-upon-return, accessed 3 September 2025

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Profile of Nigerian Victims of Human Trafficking since 2017, 31 March 2024, https://nigeria.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1856/files/documents/2024-07/vot-profil-q1-2024-v2.pdf, accessed 12 June 2025

IOM (International Organization for Migration), Reintegration and Empowerment: IOM Launches Reintegration Business Training for Human Trafficking Survivors in Nigeria, 18 April 2024, https://nigeria.iom.int/news/reintegration-and-empowerment-iom-launches-reintegration-business-training-human-trafficking-survivors-nigeria, accessed 12 June 2025

IPI (International Institute for Peace), 2024 IPI Africa monitoring annual round-up, 12 February 2025, https://ipi.media/africa-media-monitoring-august-2024-threats-to-press-freedom-in-nigeria-somalia-and-guinea-bissau/, accessed 22 July 2025

IPOB (Indigenous People of Biafra), About us, n.d., https://www.ipob.org/about-us, accessed 11 June 2025

IPPF (International Planned Parenthood Federation), More efforts needed to end Female Genital Mutilation in Nigeria, 6 February 2025, https://africa.ippf.org/blogs/more-efforts-needed-end-female-genital-mutilation-nigeria, accessed 12 June 2025

IPS (Inter Press Service), Epilepsy Patients in Africa Fight Stigma and Neglect, 19 March 2025, https://www.ipsnews.net/2025/03/epilepsy-patients-africa-fight-stigma-neglect/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=epilepsy-patients-africa-fight-stigma-neglect, accessed 25 June 2025

IRARA (International Returns And Reintegration Assistance) Nigeria, Joint Reintegration Services, n.d., https://www.irara.org/wp-content/uploads/Reintegration-Programme-Leaflet-Nigeria.pdf, accessed 12 June 2025

IRARA (International Returns And Reintegration Assistance), Reintegration, n.d., https://www.irara.org/reintegration/, accessed 12 June 2025

Ishola, A. V., Religious blasphemy, jungle justice, and legal pluralism in Northern Nigeria: A comparative analysis of the Nigerian 1999 Constitution and Sharia Law, in: African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration, Vol. 7, Issue 2, 29 August 2024, https://abjournals.org/ajlpra/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/journal/published_paper/volume-7/issue-2/AJLPRA_I1WJWMDV.pdf, accessed 23 June 2025

ISS (Institute for Security Studies), Going for Gold: Africa’s young footballers exploited by smugglers, 24 November 2022, https://issafrica.org/iss-today/going-for-gold-africas-young-footballers-exploited-by-smugglers, accessed 23 June 2025

ISS (Institute for Security Studies), Nigeria’s schoolchildren again targeted in mass abductions, 13 February 2025, https://issafrica.org/iss-today/nigeria-s-schoolchildren-again-targeted-in-mass-abductions, accessed 25 June 2025

Itua, P. O., Succession Under Customary Law in Nigeria. The Rule of Primogeniture versus the Deposition of a Traditional Ruler (Onojie) in Edo State: A critique of the Provisions of the Traditional Rulers and Chiefs Edicts No 16 of 1979, in: International Journal of Culture and History, Vol. 6, Issue 2, 25 September 2019, https://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ijch/article/view/15125, accessed 11 June 2025

Ivorgba, E. A., Historical analysis of Igbophobia and its impact on national integration in Nigeria, in: International Journal of Advanced Research, April 2025, https://www.journalijar.com/uploads/2025/04/682bd54aae932_IJAR-51400.pdf, accessed 23 June 2025

Izevbizua, M. O. and Omoruyi, K. P., The Role of Government in Abolishing Female Genital Mutilation in Nigeria: A Panacea for Gender-Based Violence, in: Niger Delta Journal of Gender, Peace & Conflict Studies, Vol. 4, Issue 1, March 2024, https://nigerdeltajournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/15.-The-Role-of-Government-in-Abolishing-Female-Genital-Mutilation-in-Nigeria-A-Panacea-for-Gender-Based-Violence.pdf, accessed 23 June 2025

Kano Times, ASKOJ Condemns Persecution of Journalists, Seeks End to Press Suppression, 25 March 2025, https://archive.is/hptmo, accessed 23 June 2025

Kehinde, O. J. and Abdulraheem, M., Prohibition of Discriminatory Laws and Practices Against Women’s Rights in Nigeria, in: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science, 29 November 2024, https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrias/articles/prohibition-of-discriminatory-laws-and-practices-against-womens-rights-in-nigeria/, accessed 24 June 2025

Kimpact Development Initiative, Protecting the Civil Space, Trends, Challenges, and Future Outlook in Nigeria, 2025, https://kimpact.org.ng/storage/publications/protecting_the_civic_space/INSPIRES_Report_2024.pdf, accessed 3 September 2025

Ladue M., Stark L., Perez L., Buckinx B., Child-Inclusive and Gender-Responsive Reintegration Programmes, June 2025, https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Gender-paper-CAAC-LISD-7-3.pdf, accessed 23 June 2025

Legit, List of Middle Belt states in Nigeria: which ones are they?, 19 September 2022, https://www.legit.ng/ask-legit/guides/1164443-list-middle-belt-states-nigeria/, accessed 9 June 2025

Law Pavilion, Chieftaincy Declaration Can Be Set Aside, 6 August 2024, https://lawpavilion.com/blog/circumstances-in-which-a-chieftaincy-declaration-can-be-set-aside/, accessed 2 July 2025

Lawal S. A. and Yekini, A., The Legal and Institutional Frameworks Aimed at Curbing Human Trafficking in Nigeria, in: 4 Turf Law Journal, 18 February 2025, https://www.turflawjournal.org/index.php/tlj/article/download/43/31, accessed 2 July 2025

Lawyard, Women’s Rights and Gender-Based Violence: Legal Reforms Needed in Nigeria by Grace Sunday-Ayegba, 14 January 2025, https://www.lawyard.org/news/womens-rights-and-gender-based-violence-legal-reforms-needed-in-nigeria-by-sunday-grace/, accessed 2 July 2025

Leadership, Police Arrest ‘TikToker’ for Alleged Abuse of Social Media in Adamawa, May 2024, https://leadership.ng/police-arrest-tiktoker-for-alleged-abuse-of-social-media-in-adamawa/, accessed 9 July 2025

Leadership, Federal Gov’t Dismisses Targeted Persecution Of Nigerian Christians, 12 April 2025, https://leadership.ng/federal-govt-dismisses-targeted-persecution-of-nigerian-christians/, accessed 22 July 2025

LSE (London School of Economics) blog, Navigating Nigerian Politics: Democratisation and Development, 23 April 2024, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lseupr/2024/04/23/navigating-nigerian-politics-democratisation-and-development/, accessed 22 July 2025

Mail & Guardian, What it means to be a kitoed, 28 May 2020, https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-05-28-what-it-means-to-be-kitoed/, accessed 22 July 2025

Marwa, Z. and Mainoma, H. M., Evaluating the incidence of poverty among unemployed and unmarried women in North Central Nigeria, in: Polac International Journal of Econs & Mgt Science, Vol. 9, Issue, February 2024, https://pemsj.com/papers/PEMSJ-Vol-9Issue-2_465.pdf, accessed 25 July 2025

Mbachu C. O., Ozughalu J., Agu I. C., Agu C., Onwujekwe O., Multigenerational attitudes to gender norms on intimate partner violence and the sexual and reproductive health of young people in Nigeria, in: in Scientific Reports, Vol. 15, 14 April 2025, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-98049-1.pdf, accessed 9 July 2025

Medical Research Foundation, Urgent action needed to address migration of psychiatrists out of Nigeria, 10 June 2024, https://www.medicalresearchfoundation.org.uk/news/changes-needed-to-address-migration-of-psychiatrists-out-of-nigeria-new-study-finds, accessed 22 July 2025

Mental Health and Human Rights Info, The Initiative for Equal Rights (TIERs), n.d., https://www.hhri.org/organisation/the-initiative-for-equal-rights-tiers/#:~:text=The%20Initiative%20for%20Equal%20Rights%20%28TIERs%29%20TIERs%20is,specific%20needs%20and%20challenges%20faced%20by%20LGBTQ%2B%20people., accessed 23 July 2025

Mezie-Okoye, C. C., The Marginalization of Igbo and The Emergence of IPOB in Nigeria, in: International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, 20 March 2025, https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/articles/the-marginalization-of-igbo-and-the-emergence-of-ipob-in-nigeria/, accessed 25 July 2025

MFWA (Media Foundation for West Africa), Four journalists detained after corruption reporting, denied bail, 6 October 2024, https://mfwa.org/country-highlights/four-journalists-detained-after-corruption-reporting-denied-bail/, accessed 2 July 2025

Miles, J., Customary and Islamic Law and its Development in Africa, Volume 1, 2006, https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/default/files/document/files/2022/07/milescustomaryislamiclawafrica_0.pdf, accessed 11 June 2025

Modern Ghana, Is Witchcraft Justiciable Under Nigerian Law?, 18 April 2025, https://www.modernghana.com/news/1393896/is-witchcraft-justiciable-under-nigerian.html, accessed 9 July 2025

NACTAL (Network Against Child Trafficking), Kwara NACTAL organized stakeholders’ consultative meeting to combating human trafficking, 7 June 2023, https://nactalnigeria.org/2023/06/07/kwara-nactal-organized-stakeholders-consultative-meeting-to-combating-human-trafficking/, accessed 12 June 2025

NACTAL (Network Against Child Trafficking), NACTAL participates in stakeholders meeting to discuss issues affecting the girl child in Nigeria, 24 September 2024, https://nactalnigeria.org/2024/09/24/nactal-participates-in-stakesholders-meeting-to-discuss-issues-affecting-the-girl-child-in-nigeria/, accessed 11 June 2025

Nana, S.S., How to stop Nigeria’s worsening farmer-pastoralist violence, TNH, 5 May 2025, https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/opinion/2025/05/05/how-stop-nigerias-worsening-farmer-pastoralist-violence, accessed 23 July 2025

Nation (The), Imo’s ‘That witch must die’ event, 19 August 2024, https://thenationonlineng.net/imos-that-witch-must-die-event/, accessed 23 July 2025

Nation (The), Nigeria’s youth mental health crisis in numbers, 11 July 2025, https://thenationonlineng.net/nigerias-youth-mental-health-crisis-in-numbers/, accessed 23 July 2025

Nation (The), Teen killers on the prowl: Tragic rise of Nigeria’s child cultists, 8 September 2024, https://thenationonlineng.net/teen-killers-on-the-prowl-tragic-rise-of-nigerias-child-cultists/, accessed 23 July 2025

Nation (The), Why I don’t take chieftaincy titles – Makinde, 1 June 2025, https://thenationonlineng.net/why-i-dont-take-chieftaincy-titles-makinde/, accessed 2 July 2025

Nation (The), Witch-hunt of widows, 13 December 2024, https://thenationonlineng.net/witch-hunt-of-widows/, accessed 11 June 2025

New Lines Magazine, They Dreamed of Making It Big in Soccer. They Were Trafficked Instead, 9 October 2024, https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/they-dreamed-of-making-it-big-in-soccer-they-were-trafficked-instead/, accessed 3 June 2025

Nigeria Health Watch, Nigeria’s Health System Must Eliminate Obstacles to Maternal Care for Women with Disabilities, 17 March 2025, https://articles.nigeriahealthwatch.com/nigerias-health-system-must-eliminate-obstacles-to-maternal-care-for-women-with-disabilities/, accessed 23 July 2025

Nigeria Health Watch, Zero Tolerance: Stopping FGM in Nigeria and Empowering Survivors, 8 February 2025, https://articles.nigeriahealthwatch.com/zero-tolerance-stopping-fgm-in-nigeria-and-empowering-survivors/, accessed 2 July 2025

Nigeria, About Nigeria, States, n.d., https://nigeria.gov.ng/about-nigeria/#states, accessed 18 June 2025

Nigeria, Act No. 25 of 1960, Penal Code (Northern State) Federal Provisions Act, 30 December 1960, https://sabilaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Penal-Code-Act-1960.pdf accessed 17 June 2025

Nigeria, Child Right’s Act, 2003, https://www.nigeriarights.gov.ng/files/childrightact.pdf, accessed 23 July 2025

Nigeria, Criminal Code Act, 1 June 1916, https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/1916/en/65684, accessed 17 June 2025

Nigeria, Cybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention, Etc) (Amendment) Act, 2024, 28 February 2024, https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Cybercrimes-Prohibition-Prevention-etc-Amendment-Act-2024.pdf, accessed 18 June 2025

Nigeria, Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities (Prohibition) Act 2018, 21 January 2019, https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/ng/2019/ng-government-gazette-supplement-dated-2019-01-21-no-10.pdf, accessed 27 June 2025

Nigeria, EFCC (Economic and Financial Crimes Commission), Alleged ₦7.8bn Fraud: EFCC Arraigns Emefiele for Unlawful Possession of 753 Housing Units, 16 June 2025, https://www.efcc.gov.ng/news-and-information/news-release/11109-alleged-7-8bn-fraud-efcc-arraigns-emefiele-for-unlawful-possession-of-753-housing-unitsthe-economic-and-financial-crimes-commission-efcc-on-monday-june-16-2025-arraigned-a-former-governor-of-the-central-bank-of-nigeria-cbn-godwin-ifeanyi-emefiel?highlight=WyJhbGxlZ2VkIiwiNy44Ym4iLCJmcmF1ZCJd, accessed 24 July 2025

Nigeria, EFCC (Economic and Financial Crimes Commission), Yahaya Bello’s Alleged N80.2bn Fraud: How N1.09bn Vanished from Kogi Government’s Account in Three Days-Witness, 26 June 2025, https://www.efcc.gov.ng/news-and-information/news-release/11159-yahaya-bellos-alleged-n80-2bn-fraud-how-n1-09bn-vanished-from-kogi-governments-account-in-three-days-witness?highlight=WyJob3ciLCJuMS4wOWJuIiwidmFuaXNoZWQiXQ== , accessed 24 July 2025

Nigeria, Federal Government of Nigeria and UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), The State of Nigeria’s Children: Summary of the 2024 Situation Analysis of Children and Adolescents in Nigeria, 2025, https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/media/10591/file/State-of-Nigerias-Children_Summary-of-the-2024-Updated-SitAn.pdf¸ accessed 3 September 2025

Nigeria, FJSC (Federal Judicial Service Commission), The Nigerian Supreme Court, n.d., https://fjsc.gov.ng/the-nigerian-supreme-court/ - :~:text=The Supreme Court of Nigeria,act of the National Assembly, accessed 17 June 2025

Nigeria, FMINO (Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation), Women Affairs Ministry Empowers Survivors of Gender Based Violence (GBV), 11 April 2025, https://fmino.gov.ng/women-affairs-ministry-empowers-survivors-of-gender-based-violence-gbv/, accessed 23 July 2025

Nigeria, FMWASD (Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development), National Beijing +30 review, November 2024, available at UN Women: https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2024-11/b30_report_nigeria_en.pdf, accessed 2 July 2025

Nigeria, GBV (Gender-Based Violence) Sub-Sector Nigeria, Annual Report 2024, 22 March 2025, https://reliefweb.int/attachments/fcd399c9-e64e-4994-9203-6fc31bac5733/GBV%20SS_Annual%20Report_2024.pdf accessed 2 July 2025

Nigeria, GBV AoR (Gender-Based Violence Area of Responsibility) Northeast Nigeria, Annual Report 2024, 21 March 2025, https://reliefweb.int/attachments/fcd399c9-e64e-4994-9203-6fc31bac5733/GBV%20SS_Annual%20Report_2024.pdf, accessed 23 July 2025

Nigeria, Lagos State DSVA (Domestic and Sexual Violence Agency), Lagos opens Eko Haven; shelter for survivors of Domestic Violence, n.d., https://lagosdsva.org/eko-haven/, accessed 12 June 2025

Nigeria, NAPTIP (National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons), Counselling & Rehabilitation Department, n.d., https://naptip.gov.ng/counselling-and-rehabilitation-department/, accessed 18 August 2025

Nigeria, NAPTIP (National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons), Director-General’s Year Three Performance Report & Three Years Performance Overview, September 2023 – August 2024, 4 November 2024, https://naptip.gov.ng/download/three-years-performance-overview-prof-fatima-waziri-azi/, accessed 18 August 2025

Nigeria, NAPTIP (National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons), DIA Operatives Bust Transnational Organized Human Trafficking Syndicate in Nigeria: Arrest Three Suspects, Rescue 20 Foreign Victims, 13 June 2025, https://naptip.gov.ng/naptip-dia-operatives-bust-transnational-organized-human-trafficking-syndicate-in-nigeria-arrest-three-suspects-rescue-20-foreign-victims/, accessed 25 June 2025

Nigeria, NAPTIP (National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons), National Guide for the Establishment and Management of Sexual Assault Referral Centres in Nigeria, 25 August 2024, https://naptip.gov.ng/download/national-guide-for-the-establishment-and-management-of-sexual-assault-referral-centres-in-nigeria/, accessed 4 June 2025

Nigeria, NAPTIP (National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons), NAPTIP blows hot! Scuttles Trafficking of Recruited Nigerians to Iraq; Intercepts 13 Victims at Naia, Abuja, 19 February 2025, https://naptip.gov.ng/naptip-blows-hot-scuttles-trafficking-of-recruited-nigerians-to-iraq-intercepts-13-victims-at-naia-abuja/, accessed 3 June 2025

Nigeria, NAPTIP (National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons), Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act 2015 Annual Report 2021, 9 February 2023, https://naptip.gov.ng/download/violence-against-persons-prohibition-act-2015-annual-report%202021/?wpdmdl=2807&refresh=64baa856496b01689954390, accessed 4 June 2025

Nigeria, National Mental Health, 30 December 2022, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/63438980e505485cb3299aad/t/63f39b465a87b9639c5ff2f5/1676909382894/National%2BMental%2BHealth%2BAct%2B2021.pdf, accessed 13 June 2025

Nigeria, National Population Commission, Demographic and Health Survey 2018, October 2019, https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR359/FR359.pdf, accessed 13 June 2025

Nigeria, NHRC (National Human Rights Commission), February 2025 Human Rights Dashboard, 6 March 2025, https://www.nigeriarights.gov.ng/files/NHRC%20Dashboard/February%202025%20Dashboard%20(Final).pdf, accessed 28 August 2025

Nigeria, NHRC (National Human Rights Commission), Freedom Of Religion And Belief In Nigeria: A Survey 2024, https://www.nigeriarights.gov.ng/files/SURVEY%20ON%20FORB%20IN%20NIGERIA%20(3).pdf, accessed 18 August 2025

Nigeria, NHRC (National Human Rights Commission), January 2025 Human Rights Dashboard, 14 February 2025, https://www.nigeriarights.gov.ng/nhrc-media/data-and-infographics/515-january-2025-human-rights-dashboard.html, accessed 19 August 2025

Nigeria, NHRC (National Human Rights Commission), March 2025 Human Rights Dashboard, 5 April 2025, https://www.nigeriarights.gov.ng/files/NHRC%20Dashboard/March%202025%20Dashboard%20(Final).pdf, accessed 13 June 2025

Nigeria, NHRC (National Human Rights Commission), NHRC April 2025 Human Rights Situation Dashboard, https://www.nigeriarights.gov.ng/files/NHRC%20Dashboard/April%202025%20Dashboard.pdf, accessed 13 June 2025

Nigeria, NHRC (National Human Rights Commission), NHRC May 2025 Human Rights Dashboard, 10 June 2025, https://easo.sharepoint.com/sites/Nigeria2025/Shared%20Documents/Nigeria%202025/url, accessed 13 June 2025

Nigeria, NHRC (National Human Rights Commission), Protection of the Right to Freedom of Expression in Nigeria, 4 April 2025, https://www.nhrc.gov.ng/files/NHRC%20Advisory%20on%20Right%20to%20Freedom%20of%20Expression%20in%20Nigeria.pdf, accessed 20 August 2025

Nigeria, NHRC (National Human Rights Commission), SIIP North East Concludes Hearing On Reuters Report, 21 March 2024, https://nigeriarights.gov.ng/nhrc-media/news-and-events/467-siip-north-east-concludes-hearing-on-reuters-report.html, accessed 13 June 2025

Nigeria, NHRC (National Human Rights Commission), The Nexus of Climate Change and Human Rights in Nigeria: Assessing the Impact of the Climate Crisis on Vulnerable Communities and Strategies for Mitigation, 2023, https://www.nigeriarights.gov.ng/files/publications/Journals/NIGERIAN%20NATIONAL%20HUMAN%20RIGHTS%20COMMISSION%20JOURNAL%20%28VOLUME%209%20AND%2010%29.pdf, accessed 19 August 2025

Nigeria, Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics and ILO, Nigeria Child Labour Survey 2022, 2024, https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/2024-04/Nigeria_Child_Labour_Survey_2022_Report_WEB.pdf, accessed 13 August 2025

Nigeria, Nigeria Police Force, [Twitter], posted on: 20 January 2025, https://x.com/policeng/status/1881311752194801982?s=46&t=fNUO_z0Xkebnp3CFAsebZQ, accessed 13 August 2025

Nigeria, NPF (Nigeria Police Force), Nationwide protest: NPF Cautions Against Ill-Timed Protest across the Country, 7 April 2025, https://www.npf.gov.ng/news/details/636, accessed 13 August 2025

Nigeria, NIS (Nigeria Immigration Service), Landing and Exit Cards, n.d., https://immigration.gov.ng/lecard/, accessed 20 August 2025

Nigeria, Osun State Government, Osun Govt Approves new king of Olojudo of Ido Ajegunle and Five Others, Elevates Seven to Part Two Chiefs, 29 January 2025, https://www.osunstate.gov.ng/2025/01/osun-govt-approves-new-king-of-olojudo-of-ido-ajegunle-and-five-others-elevates-seven-to-part-two-chiefs/, accessed 19 August 2025

Nigeria, Public Order Act, Chapter 382 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1979, https://policehumanrightsresources.org/content/uploads/2016/07/Public-Order-Act-Nigeria.pdf, accessed 13 August 2025

Nigeria, The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 Updated with the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Alterations (2010), 4th Alteration (2017) and 5th Alteration (2023), September 2024, https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Constitution-of-the-Federal-Republic-of-Nigeria-1999-Updated.pdf, accessed 4 June 2025

Nigeria, Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition), Enforcement and Administration Act N. 4, 2015, https://naptip.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/NAPTIP-Re-enactment-Act-1-GAZETTE-10001-1.pdf, accessed 20 August 2025

Nigeria, Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act, 2015 (VAPP), 14 May 2015, https://fida.org.ng/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Violence-Against-Persons-Prohibition-Act-2015-1.pdf, accessed 20 August 2025

Nigerian NGO, NGOs Fighting Against Domestic Violence In Nigeria, 27 April 2024, https://www.nigerianngo.com/blog/ngos-fighting-against-domestic-violence-in-nigeria, accessed 13 August 2025

Nigerian Tribune, Activists warn against repealing VAPP Act, call for amendment, 12 September 2024, https://tribuneonlineng.com/activists-warn-against-repealing-vapp-act-call-for-amendment/, accessed 4 August 2025

Njila, M. M., An analysis of the Legal Framework for the Protection of Women Against Discriminatory Practices in Nigeria, in: East African Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, Vol. 1, Issue 1, 8 September 2024, https://journal.kiut.ac.tz/index.php/eajlpg/article/view/108, accessed 11 June 2025

No Strings, Gay-obsessed Nigerian pastor calls homosexuality a propaganda, 20 February 2024, https://nostringsng.com/gay-obsessed-nigerian-pastor-homosexuality-propaganda/, accessed 4 August 2025

NPR (National Public Radio), Nigeria has detained a journalist who reported on corruption in a widening crackdown, 9 May 2024, https://www.npr.org/2024/05/09/1250008596/nigeria-detained-daniel-ojukwu-investigative-journalist-corruption, accessed 4 August 2025

Nwambo, Z. D. and Ben-Eche, A., A Reassessment of Nigeria’s Legal Framework Protecting Children’s Rights to Dignity and Protection from Corporal Punishment, in: International Journal of Legal Studies and Social Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2024, https://ijlsss.com/a-reassessment-of-nigerias-legal-framework-protecting-childrens-rights-to-dignity-and-protection-from-corporal-punishment/, accessed 6 August 2025

Nweke S. C., Ewelike S. C., Okon I. I., Lucero-Prisno D. E., Problems and critical reforms in mental health care: an examination of Nigeria’s situation, in: International Journal of Surgery: Global Health, Vol. 7, Issue 6, November 2024, https://journals.lww.com/ijsgh/fulltext/2024/11000/problems_and_critical_reforms_in_mental_health.4.aspx, accessed 4 August 2025

Oasdom, List of Middle Belt States in Nigeria, 1 June 2020, https://www.oasdom.com/list-middle-belt-states-nigeria/, accessed 4 August 2025

Ojewale, O. and Onuoha, F., Nigeria’s North Central violence reveals systemic state failure, ISS, 26 June 2025, https://issafrica.org/iss-today/nigeria-s-north-central-violence-reveals-systemic-state-failure, accessed 4 August 2025

OCCRP (Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project), Nigeria Nabs Trafficking, Robbery Syndicate Leaders, 7 May 2025, https://www.occrp.org/en/news/nigeria-nabs-trafficking-robbery-syndicate-leaders, accessed 11 June 2025

OCCRP (Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project), Nigerian authorities Take Down Child Trafficking Syndicates, 23 January 2025, https://www.occrp.org/en/news/nigerian-authorities-take-down-child-trafficking-syndicates, accessed 11 June 2025

OCCRP (Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project), Nigerian Pastor Arrested in Major Child-Trafficking Bust, 13 Children Rescued, 7 January 2025, https://www.occrp.org/en/news/popular-nigerian-pastor-arrested-in-child-trafficking-crackdown, accessed 13 August 2025

Odesanmi A. F., Ilesanmi D. O., Kayode O. E., Egbo K., Babatunde S., Sociocultural Perspective of Cultism in Nigeria: A Social Vulture of Individuals and Societies, in: FUOYE International Journal of Criminology and Security Studies, Vol. 3, Issue 1, October 2024, https://fjcss.fuoye.edu.ng/index.php/fjcss/article/download/114/103/112, accessed 25 June 2025

Ofuani-Sokolo, A. I. and Monye, O., Engendering financial inclusion for persons with disabilities in Nigeria, in: African Disability Rights Yearbook, 2024, https://upjournals.up.ac.za/index.php/adry/article/view/5529/4338, accessed 25 June 2025

Ogbonna, C.K., Azubuike, P.C., Enyam, M.O., Odo, O.J., & Nwadiche, M., Addressing stigma to achieve healthcare equity and universal health coverage in Nigeria, in: Discover Global Society, 11 October 2024, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44282-024-00104-1, accessed 25 June 2025

Ogedegbe, A.E., Chen, Z.E., Adeagbo, O., Badru, O., Mogo, E.R.I., Yankam, B.M., Oreh, A., Gadanya, M.A., & Bain, L.E., Barriers and facilitators to accessing post sexual-based violence health services among young women attending higher education institutions in Nigeria, in: BMC Women’s Health 25, 19 April 2025, https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-025-03714-2, accessed 20 August 2025

Okorie, M. M., and Okeja, U., Prosecuting human traffickers in Nigeria: victim-witnessing and community-oriented challenges, in: Trends in Organized Crime, 8 October 2024, https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12117-024-09548-y.pdf, accessed 26 June 2025

Okoye I. and Adejoh P., Human Rights Violations in Counter-Terrorism Efforts: A Qualitative Study of Victims Experiences in Nigeria, in: African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies, Vol. 14, Issue 2, 13 March 2025, https://digitalscholarship.tsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1235&context=ajcjs, accessed 26 June 2025

Our Sunday Visitor, Introducing the sisters who are rescuing victims of human trafficking in Nigeria, 17 April 2024, https://www.oursundayvisitor.com/in-nigeria-women-religious-are-rescuing-rehabilitating-victims-of-human-trafficking/, accessed 25 June 2025

Outright International, Embracing Realities of Sex Development: Challenges and Achievements of Intersex Activism in Nigeria and Beyond, 28 October 2024, https://outrightinternational.org/insights/embracing-realities-sex-development-challenges-and-achievements-intersex-activism-nigeria, accessed 20 August 2025

Partners West Africa Nigeria, VAPP Tracker, accessed 18 June 2025, https://www.partnersnigeria.org/vapp-tracker/, accessed 4 August 2025

Peace, A. E., A discursive attempt toward the political economy of homophobia in Nigeria, in: Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 23, Issue 5, 12 November 2024, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eberechukwu-Akadinma/publication/385765331_A_discursive_attempt_toward_the_political_economy_of_homophobia_in_Nigeria/links/6736723c37496239b2bfea04/A-discursive-attempt-toward-the-political-economy-of-homophobia-in-Nigeria.pdf, accessed 21 August 2025

Pew Research Center, How the Global Religious Landscape Changed from 2010 to 2020, 9 June 2025, https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf, accessed 20 August 2025

PLAC (Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre), Nigeria Annual Human Rights Report 2024, December 2024, https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Nigeria-Annual-Human-Rights-Report-2024.pdf, accessed 7 August 2025

Plan International, From Commitment to Action – Accelerating Efforts to End Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) by 2030, February 2025, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/392129059_ACCELERATING_EFFORTS_TO_END_FEMALE, accessed 4 August 2025

Premium Times, 31 journalists face brutality of police, security forces during #EndBadGovernance protests, 4 August 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/720876-31-journalists-face-brutality-of-police-security-forces-during-endgbadgovernance-protests.html, accessed 11 June 2025

Premium Times, Abia killing: Tension as soldiers arrest several people, harass residents, 1 June 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/700001-abia-killing-tension-as-soldiers-arrest-several-people-harass-residents.html?tztc=1, accessed 11 June 2025

Premium Times, Appeal Court affirms IPOB’s proscription as terrorist group, 30 January 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/770712-breaking-appeal-court-affirms-ipobs-proscription-as-terrorist-group.html, accessed 20 August 2025

Premium Times, Buhari signs mental health bill after two failed attempts, 11 January 2023, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/575072-buhari-signs-mental-health-bill-after-two-failed-attempts.html, accessed 21 August 2025

Premium Times, Coalition demands release, protection of woman detained after criticising Sokoto Governor, 24 May 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/796509-coalition-demands-release-protection-of-woman-detained-after-criticising-sokoto-governor.html, accessed 11 June 2025

Premium Times, Court sentences four family members to death for killing alleged witch, 5 December 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/759322-court-sentences-four-family-members-to-death-for-killing-alleged-witch.html?tztc=1, accessed 20 August 2025

Premium Times, Dele Farotimi leaves prison after 20 days of detention, 24 December 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/763485-dele-farotimi-leaves-prison-after-20-days-of-detention.html, accessed 4 August 2025

Premium Times, Investigation: Nigerians with disabilities experience discrimination despite existing laws, 3 April 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/health/health-features/682798-investigation-nigerians-with-disabilities-experience-discrimination-despite-existing-laws.html?tztc=1, accessed 21 August 2025

Premium Times, IPOB denies responsibility for the murder of army couple in Imo, 4 May 2022, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/527580-ipob-denies-responsibility-for-the-murder-of-army-couple-in-imo.html#!/~/cart, accessed 11 June 2025

Premium Times, IPOB: About 200 security agents killed in South East – SSS Witness, 18 June 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/801706-ipob-about-200-security-agents-killed-in-south-east-sss-witness.html, accessed 20 August 2025

Premium Times, Kano State Commissioner Orders Police Arrest of Journalist over ‘Critical’ Article, 25 March 2025, https://archive.is/k1QEN, accessed 11 June 2025

Premium Times, Kano: NAPTIP rescues 285 victims, arrests 22 human traffickers in 2024, 9 January 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/765849-kano-naptip-rescues-285-victims-arrests-22-human-traffickers-in-2024.html, accessed 11 June 2025

Premium Times, Less than 200 psychiatrists attend to all Nigerians, 28 November 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/757602-less-than-200-psychiatrists-attend-to-all-nigerians-apn.html, accessed 20 August 2025

Premium Times, Nigerian govt designates Simon Ekpa, IPOB members, Lakurawa, firms as terrorist financers, 7 March 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/779000-nigerian-govt-designates-simon-ekpa-ipob-members-lakurawa-firms-as-terrorism-financiers.html, accessed 11 June 2025

Premium Times, Nigerian woman jailed for trafficking 12 girls abroad for sexual exploitation, 4 October 2023, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/630684-nigerian-woman-jailed-for-trafficking-12-girls-abroad-for-sexual-exploitation.html?tztc=1, accessed 11 June 2025

Premium Times, Oba of Benin, Ewuare II, installs new chiefs, 9 June 2025, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/799707-oba-of-benin-ewuare-ll-installs-new-chiefs.htm, accessed 11 June 2025l, accessed 25 June 2025

Premium Times, Reporter’s Diary: How this police officer’s men attacked me on protest ground, 4 August 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/720814-reporters-diary-how-this-police-officers-men-attacked-me-on-protest-ground.html?tztc=1, accessed 20 August 2025

Premium Times, Security operatives behind attacks against journalists in 2024 – Report, 18 December 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/762175-security-operatives-behind-attacks-against-journalists-in-2024-report.html?tztc=1, accessed 20 August 2025

Premium Times, Senate passes bill prescribing death sentence for drug traffickers, 9 May 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/692730-senate-passes-bill-prescribing-death-sentence-for-drug-traffickers.html, accessed 12 June 2025

Premium Times, Soldiers’ Killing: Nigerian troops kill six suspected IPOB members in Abia Forest, 9 June 2024, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/702246-soldiers-killing-nigerian-troops-kill-six-suspected-ipob-members-in-abia-forest.html, accessed 11 June 2025

Primorg News, Nigerians To Tinubu: Shrinking Civic Space Threatening Democracy, 29 May 2025, https://primorgnews.org/nigerians-to-tinubu-shrinking-civic-space-threatening-democracy/, accessed 25 June 2025

PSNE (Protection Sector North-East Nigeria), Annual Report 2024, 13 March 2025, https://reliefweb.int/attachments/b8f433fe-ef80-436c-9a71-44bc38c8c1e1/PSNE%202024%20Annual%20Report.pdf, accessed 11 June 2025

Public Watch, IPOB Warns Igbo Youths: Do Not Joint Nigerian Army Or Be Killed Cheaply By Northern Terrorists, 8 April 2025, https://publicwatch.com.ng/view-news.php?id=56, accessed 11 June 2025

Pulse, Aid workers rescue malnourished baby accused of witchcraft in Akwa Ibom, 29 March 2024, https://www.pulse.ng/articles/news/metro/aid-workers-rescue-baby-accused-of-witchcraft-in-akwa-ibom-2024072702142933856, accessed 24 June 2025

Pulse, Christians not targeted for killings in Nigeria - FG replies US, 15 March 2025, https://www.pulse.ng/articles/news/local/christians-not-targeted-for-killings-in-nigeria-fg-replies-us-2025031510520379353, accessed 20 August 2025

Pulse, FG tackles US over claims of Christian persecution by 2 Nigerian Catholic priests, 13 April 2025, https://www.pulse.ng/articles/news/local/fg-tackles-us-over-claims-of-christian-persecution-by-2-nigerian-catholic-priests-2025041314224012796, accessed 25 June 2025

Punch, #EndBadGovernanceIn Nigeria Protest: Hoodlums attack journalists in Kano, 1 August 2024, https://punchng.com/endbadgovernanceinnigeria-protest-hoodlums-attack-journalists-in-kano/, accessed 11 June 2025

Punch, 10 most powerful Kings in Nigeria and their titles, 6 March 2025, https://www.pulse.ng/articles/lifestyle/most-powerful-kings-in-nigeria-2025030614264887076, accessed 20 August 2025

Punch, Appeal court upholds IPOB’s proscription, 30 January 2025, https://punchng.com/appeal-court-upholds-ipobs-proscription/, accessed 11 June 2025

Punch, Army warns IPOB to stop discouraging Igbo youths from its recruitment exercise, 8 October 2024, https://www.pulse.ng/articles/news/local/army-warns-ipob-against-discouraging-igbo-youths-from-its-recruitment-2024102811101535566, accessed 11 June 2025

Punch, Chimamanda’s chieftaincy signifies cultural revolution, 23 January 2023, https://punchng.com/chimamandas-chieftaincy-title-signifies-cultural-revolution/#:~:text=23rd%20January%202023,cultural%20revolution%20in%20her%20town., accessed 20 August 2025

Punch, Criminal gang which killed abducted Imo retired general arrested, 17 May 2024, https://punchng.com/criminal-gang-which-killed-abducted-imo-retired-general-arrested/, accessed 12 June 2025

Punch, Echoes of village widows lynched over witchcraft allegation, 30 November 2024, https://punchng.com/echoes-of-village-widows-lynched-over-witchcraft-allegation/, accessed 20 August 2025

Punch, FGM: Urgent actions needed to end the evil, 13 March 2025, https://punchng.com/fgm-urgent-actions-needed-to-end-the-evil/, accessed 20 August 2025

Punch, Five sentenced to death for killing woman accused of witchcraft, 3 February 2025, https://punchng.com/five-sentenced-to-death-for-killing-woman-accused-of-witchcraft/, accessed 11 June 2025

Punch, Harrowing tales of survivors trapped in the web of trafficking, 14 July 2024, https://punchng.com/harrowing-tales-of-survivors-trapped-in-the-web-of-trafficking/, accessed 11 June 2025

Punch, Heartrending tales of vulnerable widows battling for survival amid soaring cost of living, 1 June 2024, https://punchng.com/heartrending-tales-of-vulnerable-widows-battling-for-survival-amid-soaring-cost-of-living/, accessed 13 June 2025

Punch, How Nigerian authorities use Cybercrime Act to harass, detain journalists, activists, 9 March 2025, https://punchng.com/how-nigerian-authorities-use-cybercrime-act-to-harass-detain-journalists-activists/, accessed 3 July 2025

Punch, Over 200 trafficked Nigerians in Ghana to return Friday, 24 April 2025, https://punchng.com/over-200-trafficked-nigerians-in-ghana-to-return-friday/, accessed 20 August 2025

Punch, Rise of child cultists turning schools into battlefields (2), 16 February 2025, https://punchng.com/rise-of-child-cultists-turning-schools-into-battlefields-2/, accessed 20 August 2025

Raphael C. V., Bamidele I., Akinleye B., An examination of Nigeria’s legal framework for the protection of children and their mental health, in: International Journal of Law, Vol. 11, Issue 6, 6 June 2025, https://www.lawjournals.org/assets/archives/2025/vol11issue6/11125.pdf, accessed 11 June 2025

Reuters Institute, University of Oxford, Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2024, 17th June 2024, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2024-06/RISJ_DNR_2024_Digital_v10%20lr.pdf, accessed 26 June 2025

Reuters, Black magic ban dents sex trafficking in Nigeria, 19 September 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/world/black-magic-ban-dents-sex-trafficking-in-nigeria-idUSL5N1UM7E9/, accessed 4 June 2025

Reuters, Fact Check: Kenya has not demanded Nigeria return separatist leader, 19 June 2025, https://www.reuters.com/fact-check/kenya-has-not-demanded-nigeria-return-separatist-leader-2025-06-19/, accessed 20 August 2025

Reuters, Nigeria rights body finds ‘no evidence’ military conducted secret mass abortions, 10 November 2024, https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigeria-rights-body-says-no-evidence-military-carried-out-secret-mass-abortions-2024-11-08/, accessed 25 June 2025

Reuters, Nigeria’s Senate proposes death penalty for drug trafficking, 9 May 2024, https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerias-senate-proposes-death-penalty-drug-trafficking-2024-05-09/, accessed 11 June 2025

Reuters, Separatist Kanu faces new trial in Nigeria under fourth judge, 21 March 2025, https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/separatist-kanu-faces-new-trial-nigeria-under-fourth-judge-2025-03-21/, accessed 11 June 2025

Reuters, The Abortion Assault, 7 December 2022, https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/nigeria-military-abortions/, accessed 25 June 2025

RFLD (Réseau des Femmes Leaders pour le développement), Faced with the reality of gender-based sexual violence in Nigeria, RDFL has implemented practical strategies and concrete actions, 21 January 2024, https://rflgd.org/2024/01/21/faced-with-the-reality-of-gender-based-sexual-violence-in-nigeria-rfld-has-implemented-practical-strategies-and-concrete-actions/, accessed 10 June 2025

RM Times, In Nigeria, Intersex Newborns Leave Parents in Dilemma Over Gender Choice, 6 January 2024, https://rmtimes.ng/in-nigeria-intersex-newborns-leave-parents-in-dilemma-over-gender-choice/, accessed 26 June 2025

Round Check, Uncovering Pro-IPOB Accounts Using Foreign Faces to Promote Secession With Propaganda On Elon Musk’s X, 14 December 2024, https://roundcheck.com.ng/blog/2024/12/14/uncovering-pro-ipob-accounts-using-foreignfaces-to-promotesecession-with-propaganda-on-elon-musks-x/, accessed 25 June 2025

RSF (Reporters Without Borders), Methodology used for compiling the World Press Freedom Index 2025, n.d., https://rsf.org/en/methodology-used-compiling-world-press-freedom-index-2025?year=2025&data_type=general, accessed 12 June 2025

RSF (Reporters without Borders), Nigeria, n.d., https://rsf.org/en/country/nigeria, accessed 12 June 2025

RSF (Reporters Without Borders), Nigeria: at least eight journalists prosecuted under cybercrime law despite new amendment, 9 September 2024, https://rsf.org/en/nigeria-least-eight-journalists-prosecuted-under-cybercrime-law-despite-new-amendment, accessed 12 June 2025

RSF (Reporters Without Borders), Nigeria: RSF sounds the alarm after journalists attacked and arrested while covering protests, 9 August 2024, https://rsf.org/en/nigeria-rsf-sounds-alarm-after-journalists-attacked-and-arrested-while-covering-protests, accessed 10 June 2025

Safe Haven Foundation, Services, n.d., https://safehaven-foundation.org/, accessed 25 June 2025

Sahara Reporters, IPOB Counters Nnamdi Kanu’s Disciple, Simon Ekpa, Says Group Not On Autopilot, 18 August 2021, https://saharareporters.com/2021/08/18/ipob-counters-nnamdi-kanu%E2%80%99s-disciple-simon-ekpa-says-group-not-autopilot, accessed 3 July 2025

Sahara Reporters, Nnamdi Kanu’s Self-professed Disciple, Simon Ekpa Declares Full Biafran Government In Exile, Says No Going Back On Separation From Nigeria, 2 August 2022, https://saharareporters.com/2022/08/02/nnamdi-kanus-self-professed-disciple-simon-ekpa-declares-full-biafran-government-exile, accessed 11 June 2025

SARCs (Sexual Assault Referral Centres) - Her Story Your Story, Directory of Sexual Assault Referral Centres in Nigeria, October 2024, https://herstoryourstory.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Directory-of-SARCs-Oct-2024.pdf, accessed 3 July 2025

SARI Global, Weekly Update: Nigeria (July 4 - 10, 2025), 11 July 2025, https://reliefweb.int/attachments/8318aaeb-cb42-4718-a14e-78690fdb2e57/Weekly%20Update%3B%20Nigeria%20%28June%204%20-%20July%2010%2C%202025%29.pdf, accessed 28 July 2025

SBM Intelligence, Four Years of Disruption: Unmasking the Impact of IPOB’s Sit-at-Home Order in Southeast Nigeria, 26 May 2025, https://www.sbmintel.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/202505_Sit-at-home.pdf, accessed 13 June 2025

SERAP (Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project), ‘End use of Cybercrime Act against journalists, release those in custody’, SERAP, NGE tell Tinubu govt, others, 5 May 2025, https://serap-nigeria.org/2025/05/04/end-use-of-cybercrime-act-against-journalists-release-those-in-custody-serap-nge-tell-tinubu-govt-others/, accessed 3 July 2025

She Writes Woman, Nothing About Us Without Us, n.d., https://www.shewriteswoman.org/about, accessed 4 July 2025

SOAWR (Solidarity for African Women’s Rights), #MaputoAt22: Our Rights Are Non-Negotiable, 11 July 2025, https://soawr.org/2025/07/11/maputoat22-our-rights-are-negotiable/

Spencer, C. M. Oyediran K., Stith S.M., Understanding Help-Seeking Behaviour Among Intimate Partner Violence Victims in Nigeria, in: Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 40, Issue 13-14, July 2025, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39066600/, accessed 3 September 2025

Sports and Crime Briefing, Fake Agents Traffic Thousands of Players from Africa a Year – Super – Agent Speaks Out, 16 January 2025, https://www.sportsandcrime.com/p/fake-agents-traffic-thousands-of, accessed 7 July 2025

Sun (The), Alkassim backs Bauchi Chief Judge, says Nigerian laws recognise witchcraft, 4 March 2025, https://thesun.ng/alkassim-backs-bauchi-chief-judge-says-nigerian-laws-recognise-witchcraft/, accessed 8 July 2025

Sun (The), Igbo marginalisation in Nigeria: A deepening divide, 24 February 2025, https://thesun.ng/igbo-marginalisation-in-nigeria-a-deepening-divide/, accessed 11 June 2025

Sun (The), IPOB sacks Kanu’s successor in Radio Biafra, 22 July 2021, https://thesun.ng/ipob-sacks-kanus-successor-in-radio-biafra/, accessed 11 June 2025

Sun (The), Land Reclamation in Lagos 2010 – 2024, 29 July 2024, https://thesun.ng/land-reclamation-in-lagos-2010-2024/, accessed 3 July 2025

The Netherlands, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, General Country of Origin Information Report Nigeria, January 2023, https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/netherlands/PLib/2023-1_EN_AAB_Nigeria.pdf, accessed 7 July 2025

This Day, Bringing Trafficked Girls Back Not Enough, There Must Be Reintegration and Rehabilitation 21 May 2025, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/05/21/bringing-trafficked-girls-back-not-enough-there-must-be-reintegration-and-rehabilitation/, accessed 8 July 2025

This Day, From Struggle to Strength: Nigerian Widows Find Hope, 25 September 2024, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/09/25/from-struggle-to-strength-nigerian-widows-find-hope/?amp=1, accessed 12 June 2025

This Day, Mental Health, Witchcraft and Demonic Possession, 12 October 2024, https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/10/12/mental-health-witchcraft-and-demonic-possession/, accessed 7 July 2025

TIER (The Initiative for Equal Rights), 2024 Human Rights Violations Report, January 2025, https://theinitiativeforequalrights.org/2024-human-right-violation-report/, accessed 12 June 2025

Tribune, Kano govt to probe death of two students, 16 July 2025, https://tribuneonlineng.com/kano-govt-to-probe-death-of-two-students/, accessed 22 July 2025

TVCNews, 123m Nigerians Captured In National Identity Database – NIMC, 16 September 2025, https://www.tvcnews.tv/123m-nigerians-captured-in-national-identity-database-nimc/ - :~:text=123m Nigerians Captured In National,of citizens at registration centres., accessed 10 October 2025

Ukhami, E. I., Halidu A., Achudume A. L. A.,, The Role of the National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP), in Combating Human Trafficking in Nigeria, in: Journal of Political discourse, Vol. 2, Issue No. 1, June 2024, https://jopd.com.ng/index.php/jopdz/article/download/166/153/318, accessed 5 June 2025

UN (United Nation) Human Rights Council, Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review – Nigeria, A/HRC/56/7, 26 March 2024, https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/56/7, accessed 3 July 2025

UN (United Nation) Human Rights Council, Where we work, n.d., https://www.unhcr.org/where-we-work/countries/nigeria, accessed 3 July 2025

UN (United Nation) Security Council, Conflict-related sexual violence; Report of the Secretary-General, S/2024/292, 4 April 2024, https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n24/062/41/pdf/n2406241.pdf?token=Nwa5PY0XxnSNTZYZm8&fe=true, accessed 22 July 2025

UN (United Nation) Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on Children and armed conflict in Nigeria, S/2024/559, 17 July 2024, https://docs.un.org/en/S/2024/559, accessed 22 July 2025

UN (United Nations) Women, Assessment of national responses and strategies to combat and eliminate trafficking in persons and forced migration in Africa, January 2024, https://africa.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2024-01/policy_brief-_assessment_of_national_responses_and_strategies_to_combat_and_eliminate_trafficking_in_persons_tip_and_forced_migration_in_africa.pdf, accessed 9 June 2025

UN OCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), Mr. Mohamed Malick Fall, Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator in Nigeria: Statement on the reported abduction of scores of civilians in Ngala, Borno (6 March 2024), 6 March 2024, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/nigeria/mr-mohamed-malick-fall-resident-and-humanitarian-coordinator-nigeria-statement-reported-abduction-scores-civilians-ngala-borno-6-march-2024, accessed 5 July 2025

UN OCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Nigeria: Reference Map, 29 October 2020, https://www.unocha.org/attachments/6cd7d4e6-5516-42ea-8297-f5e8edf75192/Nigeria_Reference_map.pdf, accessed 8 July 2025

UN OCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), Nigeria Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan, January 2025, https://reliefweb.int/attachments/13b0fc4e-2ce6-4e3a-b2db-33716e12d1fc/HNRP_2025_Nigeria%20final%2023%2C%20January%202025.pdf, accessed 22 July 2025

UN OHCHR (United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner), Nigeria: UN experts demand release of Yahaya Sharif-Aminu, 16 May 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/05/nigeria-un-experts-demand-release-yahaya-sharif-aminu, accessed 4 July 2025

UN OHCHR (United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner), Nigeria: Urgent measures needed to end torture and ill-treatment, says experts, 23 September 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/09/nigeria-urgent-measures-needed-end-torture-and-ill-treatment-say-experts#:~:text=GENEVA%2FABUJA%20%2D%20The%20UN%20Subcommittee,of%20liberty%2C%20including%20through%20the, accessed 22 July 2025

UN OHCHR (United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner), Ratification Status for Nigeria, n.d., https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=127&Lang=en, accessed 22 July 2025

UN OHCHR (United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner), The Core International Human Rights Instruments and their monitoring bodies, n.d., https://www.ohchr.org/en/core-international-human-rights-instruments-and-their-monitoring-bodies, accessed 9 June 2025

UN OHCHR (United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner), UN Treaty Body Database, Nigeria, n.d., https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=127&Lang=en, accessed 22 July 2025

UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), Nigeria’s First Biennial Transparency Report under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 26 December 2024, https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Nigeria%20BTR1%20.pdf, accessed 11 June 2025

UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund), Female genital mutilation (FGM) frequently asked questions, February 2025, https://www.unfpa.org/resources/female-genital-mutilation-fgm-frequently-asked-questions#medicalization%20of%20fgm, accessed 20 August 2025

UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund), Situation Report – Armed conflict in North-East Nigeria continues to place lives at risk, 5 February 2025, https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/Nigeria%20Jan%20SitRep%20%28F1%29.pdf, accessed 20 August 2025

UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund), State of the World Population Report 2025 ‘The Real Fertility Crisis: The pursuit of reproductive agency in a changing world’, 2025, https://nigeria.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/2025-06/EN_SWP2025_WEB_0.pdf, accessed 20 August 2025

UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund), Towards Zero Gender-based Violence and Harmful Practices in West and Central Africa, June 2024, https://wcaro.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/2024-08/%234_Acceleration%20Paper_Zero%20GBV%20harmful%20practices_v5%20%281%29.pdf, accessed 11 June 2025

UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), Health & HIV, n.d., https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/health-hiv, accessed 3 July 2025

UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), Nigeria - Humanitarian Situation Report No. 1, 15 May 2025, https://www.unicef.org/media/171116/file/Nigeria-Humanitarian-SitRep-No-01,-30-April-2025.pdf.pdf, accessed 26 June 2025

UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), Nigeria Takes Bold Steps to End Child Marriage and Protect the Rights of Children, 16 February 2024, https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/press-releases/nigeria-takes-bold-steps-end-child-marriage-and-protect-rights-children#:~:text=Abuja%2C%20February%2016%2C%202024%20%E2%80%93,supported%20by%20UNFPA%20and%20UNICEF, accessed 5 July 2025

UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), Unites to End Gender-Based Violence: 16 Days of Activism Highlights Urgent Call for Action, 2 December 2024, https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/press-releases/unites-end-gender-based-violence-16-days-activism-highlights-urgent-call-action, accessed 22 July 2025

UNIDIR (United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research), Boko Haram - Mapping an evolving armed constellation, September 2024, UNIDIR_Boko-Haram_Mapping_an_Evolving_Armed_Constellation.pdf, accessed 11 June 2025

UNIDIR (United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research), Climate, Insecurity and Displacement: Triple Barriers to the Reintegration of Former Boko Haram Associates, March 2025, https://unidir.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/UNIDIR_Climate-Insecurity_and_displacement_Triple-Barriers-to-the-Reintegration-of-Former-Boko-Haram-Associates.pdf, accessed 11 June 2025

UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), Chapter 2 – Trafficking in persons in and from Africa; a global responsibility, 2024, https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2024/GLOTIP2024_Chapter_2.pdf, accessed 5 June 2025

UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2024, 11 December 2024, https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2024/SubSaharanAfrica_GLOTIP2024.pdf, accessed 3 July 2025

UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime), Human trafficking, n.d., https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-Trafficking/Human-Trafficking.html#:~:text=Human%20Trafficking%20is%20the%20recruitment,every%20region%20of%20the%20world, accessed 5 July 2025

UNTC (United Nations Treaties Collection), Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, Status at 22 September 2025, https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetailsII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=V-2&chapter=5&Temp=mtdsg2&clang=_en, accessed 22 September 2025

Uroko, F., ‘Plead the case of the widow’ (Isaiah 1:17): The stigma of widowhood in eastern Nigeria and the needed faith-based interventions, in: MILA: A Journal of the Institute of Anthropology, Gender & African Studies, Vol. 13, 7 November 2024, https://uonjournals.uonbi.ac.ke/ojs/index.php/mila/article/view/2549/2069, accessed 21 August 2025

USCIRF (United States Commission on International Religious Freedom), Country Update Nigeria, August 2024, https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2024-08/2024%20Nigeria%20Country%20Update.pdf, accessed 21 August 2025

USDOS (United States Department of State), Trafficking in Persons Report 2024 – Nigeria, (covering April 2023 to March 2024), 24 June 2024, https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/nigeria/, accessed 3 July 2025

Uzomah, N. L., Madu, I. A., Ajaero, C. K., Ezea, E. J., Navigating the Complexities of Return Migration and Reintegration: Challenges and Opportunities for Nigerian Migrants from North Africa in the Context of EU Policies, in: GAPs: De-centring the Study of Migrant Returns and Readmission Policies in Europe and Beyond, Vol. 7, 28 November 2024, https://zenodo.org/records/14238373, accessed 25 June 2025

Vanguard, 67 CSOs to Tinubu: End crackdown on activists, journalists, others, 15 January 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/01/67-csos-to-tinubu-end-crackdown-on-activists-journalists-others/, accessed 20 August 2025

Vanguard, Agadangba Kingdom honours Dorsey as Yeye Oge, 26 July 2025, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/agadangba-kingdom-honours-dorsey-as-yeye-oge/, accessed 20 August 2025

Vanguard, Boko Haram massacre farmers, fishermen in Borno for supporting ISWAP, 17 May 2025 https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/05/boko-haram-kills-farmers-fishermen-in-borno-for-supporting-iswap/, accessed 20 August 2025

Vanguard, NAPTIP decries surge in baby factories, sale of children across Nigeria, 20 May 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/05/naptip-decries-surge-in-baby-factories-sale-of-children-across-nigeria/, accessed 25 June 2025

Vanguard, Security agencies identified as major threats to media freedom in Nigeria, 17 December 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/12/security-agencies-identified-as-major-threats-to-media-freedom-in-nigeria/#:~:text=The%20report%2C%20titled%20%E2%80%9CMedia%20Freedom%20Under%20Threat%3A%20The,forces%20implicated%20in%20nearly%2065%20percent%20of%20incidents., accessed 4 June 2025

Vanguard, We’re being treated like evil, slaves at road checkpoints – South East road users, 28 August 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/08/were-being-treated-like-evil-slaves-at-road-checkpoints-south-east-road-users/, accessed 7 July 2025

Vanguard, Why Bianca Ojukwu’s appointment is beyond politics, 31 October 2024, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/10/why-bianca-ojukwus-appointment-is-beyond-politics/, accessed 8 July 2025

Vatican News, Nigeria Conference of Women Religious against Human Trafficking commemorate Bahkita Day, 8 February 2025, https://www.vaticannews.va/en/africa/news/2025-02/nigeria-conference-of-women-religious-against-human-trafficking.html, accessed 22 July 2025

Vergili A., Failure of International Laws in Local Contexts: The Case of the Child Rights Act in Nigeria, 30 May 2025, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5275784, accessed 10 July 2025

Vijesti, Police extortion and violence against LGBTQ+ people in Nigeria, living in fear under homophobic law, 3 March 2025, https://en.vijesti.me/world-a/globus/747975/Police-extortion-and-violence-against-LGBTQ-people-in-Nigeria%3A-living-in-fear-under-homophobic-law, accessed 8 July 2025

Vivian, A. E., Challenges of Women Inheritance Rights Under the Act and the Various Customs in Nigeria, in: Global Journal of Politics and Law Research, Vol.13, No.1, 18 January 2025, https://eajournals.org/gjplr/wp-content/uploads/sites/36/2025/01/Challenges-of-Women-Inheritance-Rights.pdf, accessed 20 August 2025

VOA (Voice of America), Fear grips Nigeria’s LGBTQ+ community after popular cross-dresser killed, 9 August 2024, https://www.voanews.com/a/fear-grips-nigeria-s-lgbtq-community-after-popular-cross-dresser-killed/7737203.html, accessed 8 July 2025

VOA (Voice of America), Nigeria hopes for extradition of separatist leader, but analysts are skeptical, 22 November 2024, https://www.voanews.com/a/nigeria-hopes-for-extradition-of-separatist-leader-but-analysts-are-skeptical-/7873920.html, accessed 8 July 2025

VOA (Voice of America), Nigeria military, Reuters at odds over reports on alleged mass abortion program, 11 November 2024, https://www.voanews.com/a/nigerian-military-reuters-at-odds-over-reports-on-alleged-mass-abortion-program/7860239.html, accessed 22 August 2025

Wagwula, P. M., Ofem, A. C., Chelsea, U. C., Afi, E. O., Nwigene, C. C., & Essien, E. A., Strengthening Domestic Violence Prevention in Nigeria: A Call to Action, 16 January 2024, https://www.bibliomed.org/mnsfulltext/257/257-1702927558.pdf?1751024349, accessed 19 August 2025

Walk Free Foundation, The Global Slavery Index 2023, 16 June 2023, https://cdn.walkfree.org/content/uploads/2023/05/17114737/Global-Slavery-Index-2023.pdf, accessed 2 June 2025

WARIF (Women at Rist International Foundation), Social Welfare Services, n.d., https://warifng.org/social-welfare-services/, accessed 19 August 2025

West Africa Weekly, Explainer: Sharia Expansion in South-West Nigeria – Should Citizens be Concerned?, 27 January 2025, https://westafricaweekly.com/explainer-sharia-expansion-in-south-west-nigeria-should-citizens-be-concerned/, accessed 20 August 2025

WFP (Food Programme), Millions in Central Sahel and Nigeria at risk of food cuts as the World Food Programme faces severe funding crisis, 7 March 2025, https://www.wfp.org/news/millions-central-sahel-and-nigeria-risk-food-cuts-world-food-programme-faces-severe-funding, accessed 19 August 2025

WHO (World Health Organization), Country Health Systems and Services Profiles Nigeria, in: AHOP Country Health Systems and Services Profiles Vol. 1 No. 1 , 2025, https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/380744/9789290314332-eng.pdf?sequence=6, accessed 19 August 2025

WHO (World Health Organization), Female genital Mutilation and its medicalization, 9 May 2024, https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2024/05/09/default-calendar/female-genital-mutilation-and-its-medicalization, accessed 19 August 2025

WHO (World Health Organization), Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 00 live births), 7 April 2025, https://data.who.int/indicators/i/C071DCB/AC597B1, accessed 28 July 2025

WHO (World Health Organization), UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Fund), UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund), World Bank Group (World Bank Group), UNDESA/Population Division (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division), Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2020, 2023, https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/366225/9789240068759-eng.pdf?sequence=1, accessed 28 July 2025

Wiehler, C. and Malefakis, M., Time to Make ‘Peace’ with the Bandits, CSS, April 2024, https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/PP12-1_2024-EN.pdf, accessed 10 July 2025

Wikki Times, Flashback: Some Reported Witchcraft Cases in Bauchi 2021-2025, 14 March 2025, https://wikkitimes.com/flash-bash-some-reported-witchcraft-cases-in-bauchi-2021-2025/, accessed 28 July 2025

Wolff, R., Visual Propaganda and Biafran National Identity: Artists Constructing a Nation During Wartime, in: African Studies Review, 27 January 2025, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/visual-propaganda-and-biafran-national-identity-artists-constructing-a-nation-during-wartime/558263F923D47DCD312CAF4DBB81F36A, accessed 8 July 2025

Women’s Consortium of Nigeria (WOCON), About us, n.d., https://www.womenconsortiumofnigeria.org/, accessed 10 July 2025

World Bank Group, The World Bank in Nigeria, last updated 10 April 2025, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/overview, accessed 28 July 2025