1.5.1. Mapping of major clan conflicts/feuds

For detailed and historical information on the clan composition in Jubbaland, including information on sub-clans, please see EUAA COI Report Somalia: Security Situation (February 2023) and EASO COI Report Somalia: Security Situation (September 2021).

Based on ACLED data, in Jubbaland, in the reference period, clan conflicts, clan feuds, and competition over resources caused 24 reported instances of clan-related violence and revenge killings, notably in Gedo and the Lower Juba regions. Such instances were responsible for at least 40 estimated fatalities and an unspecified number of casualties.512 A non-exhaustive list of active or potentially active clan conflicts/feuds during and at the end of the reference period is offered below:

• Reer Aw Hassan/Marehan (Darood) and Gababweyne (Rahanweyn) vs Moalim Weyne (Rahanweyn), in Luuq, Gedo. Luuq District has recently become the epicentre of clan conflict, primarily driven by issues related to land ownership, governance structure (political power), and resources.513 The conflict has raged the area intermittently in the reference period, causing dozens of deaths,514 and reportedly displacing more than 40 000 people,515 although exact figures are contested;516 
   
• Marehan (Dorood) vs Gelidle (Mirefle) in Bardhere district, Gedo region,517 which is currently dormant; the district is also the site of the political rivalry between the Jubbaland state and the FGS, which has recently caused armed clashes between the two;518
   
• Biyamal (Dir) vs Ogaden (Darood), in Jamaame, Lower Juba; currently dormant, the conflict between the two clans revolves around land ownership, governance structure, and power-sharing within the district;519 
   
• Majeerten (various sub-clans/Darood) vs Majeerten (varius sub-clans/Darood) in Kismayo, Lower Juba, currently dormant;520
   
• Majeerteen (Darood) vs the Cormale (or Cawrmale, 0.5 minority group) in the Lower Juba region, south of Kismayo. The conflict, which is driven by disputes over land ownership and resources, recently gave rise to armed confrontations, resulting in significant loss of life and the displacement of many people.521

For detailed and historical information on the clan composition in the South-West state, including information on sub-clans, please see EUAA COI Report Somalia: Security Situation (February 2023) and EASO COI Report Somalia: Security Situation (September 2021).

Based on ACLED data, in the South-West State, in the reference period, clan conflicts, clan feuds, and competition over resources caused 56 reported instances of clan-related violence and revenge killings, resulting in at least 146 estimated fatalities and an unspecified number of casualties.522 A non-exhaustive list of active or potentially active clan conflicts/feuds during and at the end of the reference period is offered below:

• Gelidle (Mirifle) vs Dabarre (Digil) clans, in Dinsoor district, Bay region;
   
• Leysan (Mirifle/Rahaweyn) versus SWS security forces. In Bardaale town, Burhakaba District, Bay Region, the Laysan have clashed with the Bardaale Police and SWS Darawish due to their ambitions to lead the SWS;
   
• Gaaljeel (Hawiye) vs Abgal (Hawiye), between Afgoye and Wanlaweyne districts, Lower Shabelle region;
   
• Galjeel (Hawiye) versus Shantalemod (Digil/Rahanweyn) and other Mirifle clans (Rahanweyn), in the Wanlaweyne District, in the Lower Shabelle region. The Galjeel have established illegal checkpoints in the Yaqbariweyne area, on the main road that connects Mogadishu-Baidoa, clashing with Digil-Mirifle clans as well as with SWS security forces;
   
• Geledi (Digil) and Wa’daan (Hawiye) vs Habar Gedir (Hawiye), in Afgoye district, Lower Shabelle region;
   
• Biyamal (Dir) vs Habar-Gedir (Hawiye), in Marka district, Lower Shabelle region; Marka district is home to Biyamal, Digil (Rahanweyne), 12 Koofi (Benadiri), and Madow (Bantu), who claim historical rights to the region over the Habar-Gedir;
   
• Garre (Digil/Rahanweyne) versus Jiido (Digil/Rahanweyne), in the Qoryoole District, Lower Shabelle Region.523

For detailed and historical information on the clan composition in BRA, including information on sub-clans, please see EUAA COI Report Somalia: Security Situation (February 2023) and EASO COI Report Somalia: Security Situation (September 2021).

Based on ACLED data, in the reference period, no security incidents were to be attributed to inter-clan conflicts, feuds, or competition over resources among clan groups residing in Mogadishu.524 Local Somali sources residing in Mogadishu and interviewed on the matter, confirmed this analysis.525 According to one interviewee the local population is rather preoccupied with establishing who is genuinely opposing Al-Shabaab and who is not.526

For detailed and historical information on the clan composition in Hirshabelle, including information on sub-clans, please see EUAA COI Report Somalia: Security Situation (February 2023) and EASO COI Report Somalia: Security Situation (September 2021).

Based on ACLED data, in Hirshabelle, in the reference period, clan conflicts, clan feuds, and competition over resources caused more than 133 instances of clan-related violence and revenge killings, resulting in at least 260 estimated fatalities and an unspecified number of casualties.527 A non-exhaustive list of active or potentially active clan conflicts/feuds during and at the end of the reference period is offered below:

• Abgaal (Hawiye) versus Hawadle (Hawiye), in areas under Jalalaqsi district, Hiraan Region, as well as in El Baraf district, Middle Shabelle Region;
   
• Hawadle (Hawiye) vs Makane (Bantu), in Beletweyne town, Beletweyne District, Hiraan region; and within this context, Ali Madahweyne (Hawadle/Hawiye) vs Makane (Bantu clan), in Beletweyne District, Hiraan region;
   
• Moobileen (Mudulod/Hawiye) versus Shiidle (Bantu clan), in Jowhar District, Middle Shabelle Region;
   
• Bantu clan versus Badiade (Gugundhabe/Hawiye), in Jalalaqsi District, Hiraan region;
   
• Makane (Bantu) vs Jijeele (Gugundhabe/Hawiye) in Beletweyne District, Hiraan region;
   
• Abdalle Arone (Abgaal/Hawiye) versus Agoonyar Gabane and Obakar Gabane (Mohamed Muse/Abgaal/Hawiye) subclans, in Adale District, Middle Shabelle Region;
   
• Hawadle (Hawiye) versus Badiade (Gugundhabe/Hawiye), in Jalalaqsi District, Hiraan region;
   
• Agoon and Ali Madahweyne subclans (Hawadle/Hawiye) versus Ceyr subclan (Harbargidir/Hawiye) in Matabaan, Hiiraan region;
   
• Adan Dhiblabe Turyare versus Suubiye Dhiblabe Turyare sub-clans of the Mohamed Muse clan (Wa’budhan/Abgaal/Hawiye), in Jowhar District, Middle Shabelle Region;
   
• Ili Omar subclan (Abgaal/Hawiye) and Reer Mataan subclan (Abgaal/Hawiye) in Warsheikh district, Middle Shabelle region;
   
• Mohamed Muse subclan (Wa’budhan/Abgaal/Hawiye) versus Abdalle Arone (Abgaal/Hawiye), near Adalle district, Middle Shabelle region;
   
• Faqay Omar (Dir) versus Hawadle (Hawiye) in villages under Beletweyne near the Ethiopian border.528

Galmudug is predominantly inhabited by clans and sub-clans of the Hawiye clan family, as well as smaller enclaves of Dir and Darood.529 For detailed and historical information on the clan composition in Galmudug, including information on sub-clans, please see EUAA COI Report Somalia: Security Situation (February 2023) and EASO COI Report Somalia: Security Situation (September 2021).

With its particularly heterogenous clan structure, in Galmudug inter- and intra-clan conflicts are prevalent.530 Based on ACLED data, in Galmudug,531 clan conflicts, clan feuds and competition over resources caused almost 220 instances of clan-related violence and revenge killings in the reference period. These resulted in at least 590 estimated fatalities and an unspecified number of casualties.532 A non-exhaustive list of active or potentially active clan conflicts/feuds during and at the end of the reference period is offered below:

• Ayr (Habar Gedir/Hawiye) versus Duduble (Habar Gedir/Hawiye) in the outskirts of Dhusamarreb district, Galgaduud Region;
   
• Loboge (Sheikhal/associated to Hawiye) versus Saleban Abdalle (Surre/Dir) in Towfiiq and Afbarwaaqo districts, Mudug (West);
   
• Surre (Dir) versus Marehan (Darood), in Caabudwaaq and in Laandheer in between Abudwaaq and Herale districts, Galgaduud Region;
   
• Surre (Dir) opposing the new Galwaq region, in the Herale ‘district’, Galgadud;
   
• Saleban (Habar Gedir/Hawiye) versus Marehan (Darood), in Balliseenyoole area, Abudwaaq District, Galgaduud Region;
   
• Saleban (Habar Gedir/Hawiye) versus Duduble (Habar Gedir/Hawiye), in villages near Adaado district, Galgaduud Region;
   
• Saleban (Habar Gedir/Hawiye) versus Ayr (Habar Gedir/Hawiye), in Hanabuure and Qalanqale villages in Cadaado and Dhusamarreb districts, Galgaduud Region;
   
• Sa’ad (Habar Gedir/Hawiye) versus Wgardhac (Marehan/Darood) in Dhabad and Galisnoor; 
   
• Ayr (Habar Gedir/Hawiye) versus Marehan (Darood) in Balnanbale district;
   
• Ayaanle (Ayr/Habar Gidir/Hawiye) versus Absiiye (Ayr/Habar Gidir/Hawiye) in Laas-Xaadow - this conflict started relatively recently, in 2018, when initial clan disagreements escalated leading to clashes and tensions;
   
• Murusade (Hawiye) versus Ayr (Habar Gedir/Hawiye), whose clan conflict started in the middle of 2024; 
   
• Murusade (Hawiye) versus Duduble (Habar Gedir/Hawiye) in the villages near Ceelbuur (Al-Shabaab-controlled area) but were stopped by Al-Shabaab.533

For detailed and historical information on the clan composition in the South-West state, including information on sub-clans, please see EUAA COI Report Somalia: Security Situation (February 2023) and EASO COI Report Somalia: Security Situation (September 2021).

Based on ACLED data, in Puntland,534 in the reference period, clan conflicts, clan feuds and competition over resources caused more than 40 instances of clan-related violence and revenge killings, resulting in at least 144 estimated fatalities and an unspecified number of casualties.535 A non-exhaustive list of active or potentially active clan conflicts/feuds during and at the end of the reference period is offered below:

• Sa’ad (Habar Gedir/Hawiye) versus Leelkase (Darood). In Galkayo District, Mudug [North] Region, notably in the Galdogob district and the Bandiiradley area, the two clans have clashed and practiced revenge killings over the past 40 years including after the still to-be-finalised reconciliation process that started in 2020.536 
   
• Dhulbahante (Darood) versus Omar Mohamoud (Majeerteen/Darood). Between Nugal and Sool region, in the Adadda area, which intersects the border with Ethiopia, the two clans have been feuding for decades.537
   
• Marehan (Darood) versus Saad (Habar Gedir/Hawiye). In Galkayo District, Mudug [North] Region, the two clans have clashed in the west part of the district over the past few years, but the conflict was dormant as of February 2025.538 
   
• Issa Mohamud (Majerteen/Darood) versus Dulbahante. In Burtinle District, Nugal region, the two clans have intermittently clashed in the past few years in the Kalabayr area.539 
   
• Omar Mahmood (Majerteen/Darood) versus Saad (Habar Gedir/Hawiye). The two clans have clashed in the past in the Galkayo District and in the Jiraan District in the Mudug [North] region but the conflict was dormant as of February 2025.540
   
• Surre (Dir) versus Sheikhal (associated to Hawiye). In the Jariiban as well as Hobyo district, Mudug [North] Region, the two clans have clashed repeatedly in the course of 2023-2024 while a mediation process was on-going as of February 2025.541

For detailed and historical information on the clan composition in the contested regions, including information on sub-clans, please see EUAA COI Report Somalia: Security Situation (February 2023) and EASO COI Report Somalia: Security Situation (September 2021).

Based on ACLED data, in the contested regions,542 in the reference period, clan conflicts, clan feuds and competition over resources caused almost 90 instances of clan-related violence and revenge killings, resulting in at least 161 estimated fatalities and an unspecified number of casualties.543 A non-exhaustive list of active or potentially active clan conflicts/feuds during and at the end of the reference period is offered below:

• Dhulbahante (Darood) vs Habar Yonis (Isaaq), in Erigabo, Sanaag, and in Aynabo, Sool;
   
• Dhulbahante (Darood) vs Habar Je’lo (Isaaq), in Aynabo, Sool and in Buuhoodle, Togdhere;
   
• Dhulbahante (various sub-clans/Darood) vs Dhulbahante (various sub-clans/Darood), in Las Anod, Sool;
   
• Habar Je’lo (Isaaq) vs Habar Yonis (Isaaq) in Erigabo, Sanaag, and in El Afweyn, Sanaag, on-going negotiations as of March 2025; 
   
• Warsangeli (various subclans/Darood) vs Warsangeli (various sublclans/Darood) in Erigabo and Lasqoray, Sanaag.544

For detailed and historical information on the clan composition in the contested regions, including information on sub-clans, please see EUAA COI Report Somalia: Security Situation (February 2023) and EUAA COI Report Somalia: Security Situation (September 2021).

Based on ACLED data, in Somaliland,545 in the reference period, clan conflicts, clan feuds and competition over resources caused more than 20 instances of clan-related violence and revenge killings, resulting in at least 16 estimated fatalities and an unspecified number of casualties.546

A non-exhaustive list of currently active or potentially active clan conflicts/feuds is offered below:

• Habar Yonis (Isaaq) vs Issa Muse (Issa) in Ali Sahid village, Greater Burao District, Togdheer;      
• Dhulbahante (Darood) vs Soolomadaw (Habar Je’lo/Isaaq), in Qorilugud, Togdheer;   
• Habar Je’lo (Isaaq) vs Habar Awal (Isaaq), in Burco district, Togdheer;
• Gadabursi (Dir) vs. Jibril Abokor, Sa’ad Muse, Habar Awal (Isaaq), in El Bardaale, Gabiley, Waqooyi Galbeed, currently dormant;547

Other rivalries in Somaliland revolve around electoral competitions and did not lead to armed violence:

• Garhajis - Habar Yonis and Idagale – (Isaaq) vs Habar Awal (Isaaq), in Hargeisa;
• Sa’ad Muse (Habar Awal/Isaaq) vs Idagale (Isaaq) and Habar Yonis (Isaaq) in Hargeisa;
• Gadabursi subclans (Dir) vs Gadabursi subclans (Dir), in Boorama, Awdal.548