Abdirizak Farah Mohamed, Email exchange, 25, 29 March 2026 and telephone interview 1, 8 April 2026. Abdirizak Farah Mohamed is a licensed Somali lawyer with focus on civil and criminal cases, based in Mogadishu, and with several years of experience appearing before ordinary and military courts. He is a member of the East Africa Law Society (EALS) and the Pan African Lawyers Union (PALU).
Bakonyi, J., Email exchange, 19 March 2026. Jutta Bakonyi is Professor in Development and Conflict in the School of Government and International Affairs at Durham University. She is a Somalia expert with focus, among others, on displacement and urbanisation dynamics in the country.
Farhia Mohamud, Telephone interview and email exchange, 8 April 2026. Farhia Mohamud is a researcher and political/security analyst at Somali Public Agenda, a leading research organisation based in Mogadishu.
Hassan, M.O., Email exchange, 29 March 2026. Marwan Omar Hassan is the leading author of the article on Urban Sprawl Patterns, Drivers, and Impacts: The Case of Mogadishu, Somalia referenced in the bibliography.
UNOCHA Somalia, Email exchange, 12, 29 March 2026.
World Bank, Task team for SCALED-UP and SPRING projects - NIRA ID program support implementation, Email exchange, 1, 7 April 2026.
Zakia Hussen, Telephone interview and email exchange, 11, 24 March 2026, and 8 April 2025. Zakia Hussen is Former Deputy Police Commissioner General based in Mogadishu.
Anonymised oral sources
Ayaan, Email exchange, 13 May 2025. Ayaan is a scholar based in Kenya, specialised in migration and displacement in and out of Somalia, and with decades-long experience in the humanitarian sector.
Dalmar, Email exchange 12 May 2026. Dalmar is a Somali expert on migration and return with focus on Mogadishu.
Expert on Housing, Land and Property (HLP) rights, Video interview and email exchange, 17, 19 March 2026. The expert has a longstanding professional experience on Somalia evictions and is based in Mogadishu.
Osman, Interview, 10 May 2026. Osman works as an advisor to the current Somali government.
Siyaad, Telephone interview, 8 August 2024. Siyaad is a medical laboratory supervisor in Mogadishu. Originally from northern Somalia he relocated to Mogadishu in 2013.
Somalia expert on IDPs reintegration, Email exchange 27, 30 March 2026. The Somalia expert on IDPs reintegration has decades long experience in addressing IDPs issues and facilitating their reintegration in Somalia and in Mogadishu.