Al-Shabaab controls large parts of South-Central Somalia and has committed excludable acts in areas under their control as well as in areas under the control of government and state forces. Human rights abuses by Al-Shabaab include, among others:
- terrorist attacks on civilians
- targeted killings (including extrajudicial and politically motivated killings)
- recruitment of children
- killing, maiming, abduction, rape and other forms of sexual violence against children
- rapes and other types of sexual violence
- disappearances
- inhuman and degrading punishments
- attacks on employees of NGOs and the UN
- blockade of humanitarian assistance
- attacks on schools and hospitals
- operation of courts imposing punishments that include executions and corporal punishments
[Security 2023, 1.4.1., p. 40; Actors, 4.3., pp. 61-65; 4.4., pp. 65-67; 4.5., pp. 66-67]
ISS has been involved in IED attacks and killings in Puntland, Mogadishu and Lower Shabelle. It has also established links with human traffickers to collect new recruits [Actors, 6.1., pp. 74-75].
Clan militias have reportedly perpetrated violence against the civilian population, including torture and degrading treatment. Various human rights violations are attributed to clan militias: child recruitment, deprivation of liberty, killing and maiming of children, rape and (conflict-related) sexual violence, attacks on school and hospitals, abductions, denial of humanitarian access [Security 2023, 1.4.1., p. 42; Actors, 3.6., pp. 56-57].
